The Napoleonic Code of Law works on the basis of 'The accused must prove his innocence in a court of law, otherwise he/she is improsoned/fined.
The English Code of Law works on the basis of ' The accused does NOT have to prove his/her innocence in a court of law. It is for the accusers to prove guilt. If guilt is not proven the accused goes free.
It is a very subtle difference!!!!
The English Code' comes from, King Henry (II) in 1180's. when he established Circuit Judges and Trial by Jury of Twelve Just Men and True, and right of innocence.
The Napoleonic Code, as the name suggests comes from Napoleon, in the 1800's when he was 'conqueror' of Europe, and the right of innocence was removed.
A very recent example of the Napoleonic Code in action was the murder of Merdith Kercher in Italy. Amanda Knox(USA citizen) and Solecito were accused. Amanda Knox could not prove her innocence, so the Italian court imprisoned her. She appealed on the decision, but it took four years for the law process to act. Whereupon she was released, and went back to the USA.
The Guillotine. ( pronounced ; Gee - o- teen) The 'G' is pronounced hard, like 'garden.. Used in the French Revolution of 1789.
The only other way of beheading was for the person to be executed, to have their head held across a block of wood, and an executioner would bring his axe down on the back of the neck. (King Charles (I) of England)
Other horrible methods of execution were, Crucifixion (Jesus Christ and St Peter), , Burning at the Stake(Joan of Arc), Drowning, "Hannging, Drawing and Quartering". Starvation(Doges Palace in Venixe). Stoning to Death (St. Stephen). Asphyxiation(Choking/throttleing). Poisoning(Socrates).
YES!!! Mankind has been very violent towards himself in the past.
The majority of French revolutionaries hailed from the Third Estate, particularly the peasantry. Throughout the Reign of Terror, over 40,000 individuals met their demise, with a staggering 85% of them belonging to the Third Estate.
Print culture played a significant role in the French Revolution by disseminating ideas and information to the masses. Pamphlets, newspapers, and political tracts were used to spread revolutionary ideologies, critique the monarchy, and mobilize public support for revolutionary causes. The accessibility of printed materials helped to unite disparate groups and shape public opinion, ultimately contributing to the revolutionary fervor and the downfall of the monarchy.
The flight to Varennes was important because it revealed the true intentions of King Louis XVI. He attempted to escape from France, which suggested that he was not committed to the revolutionary ideals and was conspiring against the revolution. This incident further eroded the people's trust in the monarchy and fueled revolutionary sentiments, ultimately leading to the downfall of the monarchy and the execution of the king.
In France, the majority of people belonged to the Third Estate before the French Revolution. This estate encompassed the commoners, including the bourgeoisie (middle class) and peasants. They made up the largest portion of the population but held the least privilege and political power compared to the First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility).
The Bastille was an important political symbol in France before the French Revolution because it represented the monarchy's power and oppression. It was a notorious prison that symbolized the abuse of power, and its storming on July 14, 1789, was a catalyst for the revolution. The fall of the Bastille became a powerful symbol of popular uprising and liberation from tyrannical rule.
No, the national constitution of 1791 did not abolish the monarchy. It established a constitutional monarchy in France, limiting the powers of the king and granting significant power to the Legislative Assembly. However, the events of the French Revolution eventually led to the abolition of the monarchy in 1792.
The government of the Directory was unpopular for several reasons. Firstly, it was seen as ineffective in solving the economic and social problems that France was facing, such as rampant inflation and food shortages. Secondly, there was widespread corruption and nepotism within the government, which eroded public trust. Lastly, the Directory was also criticized for suppressing political opposition, leading to a general discontent among the population.
The growing violence of the French Revolution resulted in various consequences. The Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre, resulted in the execution of thousands of people, including political opponents and perceived enemies of the revolution. The violence also sparked a wave of fear and instability in France, leading to a loss of public support for the revolution and the rise of more conservative forces. Additionally, the violence and chaos of the revolution contributed to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the establishment of the French Consulate and later the French Empire.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an influential philosopher during the Enlightenment. His ideas, such as the concept of the general will, emphasized the importance of popular sovereignty and democracy. While Rousseau did not directly cause the French Revolution, his ideas played a significant role in shaping the political and social climate that ultimately led to the revolution, by inspiring people to question traditional authority and institutions and to demand more political participation and equality.
The ideals of the French Revolution, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, had a profound impact on political and social changes in Europe and the Americas. In Europe, the revolutionary ideas fueled nationalist movements, the emergence of constitutional monarchies, and the overthrow of conservative regimes. In the Americas, the French Revolution inspired independence movements against colonial powers and the establishment of democratic systems of government. Overall, the ideals of the French Revolution contributed to the spread of democracy and the questioning of traditional authority.
The type of cart that transported prisoners to the guillotine was known as the tumbrel or tumbril. It was a two-wheeled cart with an open top, designed for carrying condemned individuals to their execution.
The principal minister and advisor to Louis in his youth was Cardinal Jules Mazarin. Mazarin served as the chief minister of France during Louis XIV's minority and continued to have significant influence even after Louis took full control of the government. He played a crucial role in shaping Louis' education and preparing him for his reign as the Sun King.
The duration of the documentary "How to Start a Revolution" is 1 hour and 22 minutes.
A Marie Antoinette costume is a great way to celebrate Halloween with a touch of elegance and historical flair. To create the look, consider wearing a luxurious, pastel-colored gown with ornate details like lace and ruffles. Accessorize with a powdered wig, a delicate fan, and extravagant jewelry to complete the regal ensemble.
The "Left" side of the assembly was usually reinforced by the less privileged classes in France."Right" was supported by the rich.
A French coin worth 3 deniers would be a low-value coin from the medieval period. Deniers were the primary currency in France during that time, and a coin worth 3 deniers would have been of small denomination, typically made of copper or silver. The exact value in modern terms would be difficult to determine as it would depend on various factors such as the condition and rarity of the coin.
Louis' second wife was Mary Adelaide of Luxembourg. She did not found a boarding school for girls; she was primarily focused on charitable work.
Louis XVI was attempting to escape from Paris to the northeastern city of Varennes in France. He was caught by revolutionaries and arrested there on June 21, 1791. His aim was to seek refuge in the territories loyal to the monarchy and potentially build support to regain his power.
The Enlightenment philosophers, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, inspired the French Revolution with their ideas on individual rights, freedom of speech, and the separation of powers. Their teachings challenged the absolute power of the monarchy and paved the way for the revolutionaries' demands for liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Marat, a prominent figure during the French Revolution, was cleanedly murdered in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday on July 13, 1793. Marat, suffering from a debilitating skin condition, was assassinated by Corday, who sought to eliminate him due to his radical political views and perceived role in inciting violence during the Revolution.
During the Chinese revolution, peasants played a significant role as they made up the majority of the population. They supported the communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong, and participated in revolutionary activities, such as land redistribution and peasant uprisings. The support of the peasants was crucial in the success of the revolution and the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
A mitre guillotine is a type of cutting tool used to make precise cuts at a specific angle, typically 45 degrees, in materials such as wood, plastic, or metal. It has a blade that is guided along a track or rail, allowing for clean and accurate cuts at the desired angle. It is commonly used in woodworking and carpentry projects.