Punjabi

 

(pŭnjä'bē) , language belonging to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. See Indo-Iranian languages.

Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Pañjābī
Spoken in:	Pakistan (80 million speakers) India (30 million speakers) UK, USA, Canada, Dubai, Philippines and other countries with Punjabi migrants
Region:	Punjab
Total speakers:	Western: 61-62 million Eastern: 28 million Siraiki: 14 million Total: 104 million
Ranking:	10-14
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Punjabi
Writing system:	Shahmukhi, Gurmukhi
Official status
Official language of:	Punjab (India), Punjab (Pakistan), Lahore, Amritsar, Firozpur Faisalabad and part of Kashmir
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	pa
ISO 639-2:	pan
ISO 639-3:	variously: pan — Punjabi (Eastern) pnb — Punjabi (Western) pmu — Punjabi (Mirpuri) lah — Lahndi
This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

Punjabi (also Panjabi; ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi, پنجابی in Shahmukhi , Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people in India, Pakistan and other parts of the world.

It is an Indo-European language within the smaller Indo-Iranian subfamily. The language seems to be a sister language to Sindhi and Serieki. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Punjabi is tonal; the tones arose as a reinterpretation of different consonant series in terms of pitch. In terms of morphological complexity, it is an agglutinative language^[1] and words are usually ordered 'Subject Object Verb'.

Dialects and geographic distribution

It is the 11th most spoken language in the world^[2] Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. It is one of the second official languages of Delhi and Haryana.^[3] It is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Punjabi is the predominantly spoken language in the Punjab province of Pakistan (and the most widely spoken language in Pakistan according to the CIA factbook^[4]), although it has no official status there, and both Urdu and English are preferred languages of the elite.

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language^[5]) and Canada (where it is the fifth most commonly used language^[6]). Punjabi is the preferred language of most Sikhs, (most of their religious literature being written in it) and Punjabi Hindus. It is the usual language of Bhangra music, which has recently gained wide popularity both in South Asia and abroad.

There are many dialects of Punjabi and they all form part of a dialect continuum, merging with Sindhi and related languages in Pakistan, and Hindustani in India. The main dialects of Punjabi are Majhi, Doabi, Malwai and Powadhi in India, and Pothohari, Lahndi and Multani in Pakistan. Majhi is the standard written form of Punjabi.

Punjabi University, Patiala, lists the following as dialects of Punjabi:^[7]

Bhattiani Rathi Malwai Powadhi Pahari Doabi Kangri Chambiali Dogri Wajeerawadi Baar di Boli Jangli Jatki Chenavri

Multani Bhawalpuri Thalochri Thali Bherochi Lahore-gujranwala Chakwali Kachi Awankari Lubanki Dhani Ghebi Hindko Swaen Chacchi Pothohari/Pindiwali Gojri Punchi

Some of these dialects, such as Dogri, Siraiki and Hindko are sometimes considered separate languages, and are classified in different zones or divisions of Indo-Aryan:

• Eastern (Central Zone): Bhattiani (a mixture of Punjabi and Rajasthani), Powadhi, Doabi, Malwai, Majhi, Bathi
• Western (Northwestern Zone, Lahndi): Multani, Hindko, Pahari, Pothohari
• Northern Zone: Dogri

As classified in SIL Ethnologue:

└Indo-Aryan
 └Northern zone
  └Western Pahari
   └Dogri [dgo]
 └Central zone
  └Eastern Punjabi [pan]
 └Northwestern zone
   └Lahnda [lah]
    ├Jakati [jat]
    ├Mirpur Punjabi [pmu]
    ├Northern Hindko [hno]
    ├Pahari-Potwari [phr]
    ├Siraiki [skr]
    ├Southern Hindko [hnd]
    └Western Punjabi [pnb]

Western and Eastern Punjabi

Many sources^{[attribution needed]} subdivide the Punjabi language into Western Punjabi or Lahndi (ਲਹਿੰਦੀ), and Eastern Punjabi. They tend to do so based on GA Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. The decision to divide the language has been controversial. The exact division of the language and even the legitimacy of such a division is disputed.

The dialect spoken in central Punjabi — on both the Indian and Pakistani side — is Majhi. Grierson defined Western Punjabi (which he called "Lahnda") as being west of a line running north-south from Sahiwal and Gujranwala districts. This is well within present day Pakistan. Masica remarks that "whatever validity Frierson's line may once have had has no doubt been disturbed by the great movements of population associated with partition".^[8] Contrary to this, Ethnologue has come to classify Lahndi as the dialect of Punjabi spoken in all of Pakistan.

Vocabulary

Modern Punjabi vocabulary has been derived from Urdu, Persian and Sanskrit.

Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from Urdu, Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit, Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as English, Spanish, and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there is no formal consensus over vocabulary and spelling in Punjabi, it is likely that Diaspora Punjabi will increasingly deviate from the forms found on the Indian Subcontinent in the future.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	iː		uː
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	eː	ə	oː
Open	æː	aː	ɔː

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive and Affricate	voiceless	p		t̪	ʈ	ʧ	k
	voiceless aspirated	pʰ		t̪ʰ	ʈʰ	ʧʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b		d̪	ɖ	ʤ	g
Fricative			(f)	s (z)		(ʃ)		h
Flap				ɾ	ɽ
Approximant			ʋ	l	ɭ	j

Writing system

There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. The script used for writing Punjabi in the Punjab province of Pakistan is known as Shahmukhi (from the mouth of the Kings) which is a modified version of Persian-Nasta'liq script. Sikhs and others in the Indian state of Punjab use the Gurmukhī (from the mouth of the Gurus) script. Hindus, and those living in neighbouring states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the Devanāgarī script. Gurmukhī and Shahmukhi scripts are the most commonly used for writing Punjabi and are considered the official scripts of the language.

Examples

English	Gurmukhi	Shahmukhi	Transliteration	Notes
Hello	ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ ਨਮਸਤੇ/ਨਮਸਕਾਰ ਅੱਸਲਾਮ ਅਲੈਕਮ	ست سری اکال نمستے/نمسکار السلام علیکم	Sat Srī Akāl (Sikh) Namastē/Namaskār (Hindu) As'salām Alaikam (Muslim)	The greeting used depends on the religion of the speaker and the person being spoken to. Note "kiddhān" can also replace hello. "Kiddhān" means "how are you?".
Yes (Informal)	ਹਾਂ, ਆਹੋ	ہاں	Hān
Yes (Formal)	ਹਾਂ ਜੀ	ہاں جی	Hān Jī
No (Informal)	ਨਹੀਂ	نہیں	Nāhī
No (Formal)	ਨਹੀਂ ਜੀ	نہیں جی	Nahī Jī
My name is ___.	ਮੇਰਾ ਨਾਂ ___ ਹੈ ।	میرا نام ___ ہے۔	Mērā Nām ___ Hēḥ
My	ਮੇਰਾ ।	میرا	Mērā

Notable authors

See List of Punjabi authors.

Dictionaries

• Punjabi Dictionary English to Punjabi Dictionary
• Punjabi to English Dictionary Convert Punjabi word into English
• Punjabi to English dictionary Punjabi Dictionary
• Punjabi Kosh Free Windows based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary

See also

• List of Punjabi authors
• List of Punjabi poets
• List of Punjabi musicians
• Punjabi Culture
• Languages of India
• Languages of Pakistan
• List of national languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• List of Punjabi television channels

References

Bhatia, Tej K. Punjabi. Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.

External links

• Punjabi language history
• Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa
• Punjabi Dictionary (Gurmukhi)
• Punjabi Kosh Free Unicode based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary
• Punjabi language online tutorial
• Panjabi / Punjabi Primer
• Academy of the Punjab In North America (APNA)
• Free online Punjabi (Gurmukhi) lessons
• Learn Gurmukhi - Sound and Graphics
• Punjabi Community for Punjabi People
• Panjabi Language
• Academy of the Punjab in North America

Indo-Iranian languages
Indic (Indo-Aryan)	Old: Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · (Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) Middle: Prakrit: Pāli - Maharashtri - Magadhi New: Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala
Iranian	Eastern: Avestan · Bactrian · Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) · Pashto · Scythian - Ossetic · Sogdian - Yaghnobi Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) · Bukhori · Balochi · Dari (Zoroastrianism) · Gilaki · Kurdish · Luri · Mazandarani · Talysh · Tat · Tati · Zazaki
Dardic	Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti
Nuristani	Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali

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