Dictionary:
Ri·ga (rē'gə)  |
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| Holocaust: Riga |
In June 1940, Riga was annexed, along with the rest of Latvia, by the Soviet Union. A year later the Germans invaded the Soviet Union; they occupied Riga on July 1, 1941. Throughout July thousands of Jews were killed or imprisoned. Between July and October, the Germans issued a series of anti-Jewish decrees: 32,000 Jews were herded into a Ghetto and a Council of Elders was formed under Michael Elyashov.
In November the Germans separated the ghetto inhabitants into two groups: the working Jews were put into the "small ghetto," while the non-working Jews remained in the "large ghetto." The large ghetto was liquidated in late Noember and early December and some 20,000 Jews were shot and buried in the Rumbula forest. During the first half of 1942, 16,000 Jews from the Reich were brought to the "large ghetto."Fourteen thousand were later murdered.
An underground was established in early 1942. Later that year, underground members tried to escape the ghetto and reach the Partisans. They were discovered, and most were killed. In addition, many alleged underground members were murdered in retaliation.
In November 1942 the "small" and "large" ghettos were combined and re-divided into two sections, one for Jews from the Reich and one for Latvian Jews. The reshuffling in the ghetto caused much tension between the two groups.
During the summer of 1943 the Germans moved some of the ghetto inhabitants to the Kaiserwald camp. That November they launched aktionen in the ghetto and the Jews' workplaces. By December, the ghetto was completely destroyed.
In 1944 some of the remaining Riga Jews were forced to participate in the gruesome work of digging up mass graves and burning the bodies to conceal evidence of mass murder (see also Aktion 1005). After they finished, they too were murdered. In June 1944 the Germans killed many of the prisoners in Kaiserwald and its sub-camps. The surviving Jews were transferred to Concentration Camps outside Latvia.
The Soviet army liberated Riga on October 13, 1944. A few days later, about 150 Jews came out of hiding.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Riga |
Points of Interest
Riga is the site of a university (est. 1919), the Latvian Academy of Sciences (1946), and numerous other educational and cultural institutions. The old section, or Hansa town, of Riga is circled by a park-lined moat and includes the ancient castle of the Livonian Knights (rebuilt at various periods), the 13th-century cathedral (rebuilt 16th cent., now Lutheran), and the Parliament building (19th cent.). The famous Hanseatic House of the Blackheads (14th cent.), the town hall, and the Church of St. Peter with a steeple 412 ft (126 m) high were largely destroyed during World War II, and their rebuilding was not completed until after the end of Soviet rule. The old town, with its narrow, cobbled streets lined with gabled dwellings and warehouses, has retained much of its medieval character.
History
The site had long been occupied by Baltic tribes when the monk Meinhard built a monastery c.1190 among a settlement of Livs. German merchants established a community at Riga in 1158. Bishop Albert of Livonia transferred his seat there in 1201 and founded the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, or Livonian Knights, a German military religious order whose mission was to spread Christianity in the Baltic region. The knights also established a trading station at Riga.
The city, which became an archiepiscopal see in 1254 and a member of the Hanseatic League in 1282, developed into a major commercial and handicraft center. Its favorable strategic location made it an intermediary in Russian trade with Western Europe. Although it belonged to the domain of the Livonian Knights, Riga maintained a semi-independent existence under its archbishops and German merchants, and it controlled a large part of Livonia.
Riga's acceptance of the Reformation in 1522 definitively ended the power of the archbishops there. After the dissolution of the Livonian Order in 1561, Riga was briefly independent and then passed (1581) to Poland, despite attempts by Ivan IV of Russia to seize it. Polish efforts to reintroduce Catholicism made the capture of Riga in 1621 by King Gustavus II of Sweden a welcome event for the Protestant citizens. The Swedes granted self-government to the city.
Captured (1710) by Czar Peter I during the Northern War, Riga and the rest of Swedish Livonia were ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721. Having declined during the 17th cent., Riga's commercial importance revived in the 18th and particularly with the coming of the railroad in the 19th. The city became second only to St. Petersburg as Russia's leading port and was the center of Europe's timber trade.
A leading Russian industrial center from the second half of the 19th cent., Riga had the third largest number of industrial workers (after Moscow and St. Petersburg) by the 1890s. The city was a stronghold of the Russian Social Democratic party and played an important role in the Revolution of 1905. German troops occupied Riga in 1917. After World War I, the independence of Latvia was proclaimed at Riga, which became the new country's capital.
When Latvia was incorporated into the USSR in 1940, Riga was made the capital of the Latvian SSR. During World War II the city was again occupied (1941) by the Germans, from whom it was retaken (1944) by the Soviet army. The Soviet Union encouraged non-Latvian migration to the city. By 1975 less than 40% of its inhabitants were ethnically Latvian. Riga again became the capital of independent Latvia in Sept., 1991.
| Weather: Riga, Latvia |
| Dialing Code: The telephone dialing code for: Riga, Latvia |
The country code is: 371
The city code is: 34
| Local Time: Riga, Latvia |
| Wikipedia: Riga |
| Riga Rīga |
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  Riga
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| Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°ECoordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E | |||
| Country |  Latvia |
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| Government [1] | |||
| - Type | City council | ||
| - Mayor | Nils Ušakovs | ||
| Area (2002) [2] | |||
| - Total | 307.17 km2 (118.6 sq mi) | ||
| - Water | 48.50 km2 (18.7 sq mi) 15.8% | ||
| Population (2009) [3] | |||
| - Total | 713,016 | ||
| - Density | 2,321.2/km2 (6,012/sq mi) | ||
| - Demonym | Rīdzinieki | ||
| Ethnicity (2009) [4] | |||
| - Latvians | 42.3 % | ||
| - Russians | 41.3 % | ||
| - Belarusians | 4.3 % | ||
| - Ukrainians | 3.9 % | ||
| - Others | 8.2 % | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Calling codes | 66 & 67 | ||
| Website | www.riga.lv | ||
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa](
listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 713,016 inhabitants (2009)[5] it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm (counting residents within the city limits). Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level,[6] on a flat and sandy plain.[6]
Riga's historical centre has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the city is particularly notable for its extensive Jugendstil (German Art Nouveau) architecture, which UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world.[7]
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The river Daugava has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the Vikings' Dvina-Dnieper navigation route to Byzantium.[8] A sheltered natural harbour 15 km (9.3 mi) upriver from the mouth of the Daugava — the site of today's Riga — has been recorded, as Duna Urbs, as early as the 2nd century.[8] It was subsequently settled by the Livs, an ancient Finnic tribe,[9] later also the Kurs.
Riga began to develop as a centre of Viking trade during the early Middle Ages.[8] Riga's inhabitants occupied themselves mainly with fishing, animal husbandry, and trading, later developing crafts (in bone, wood, amber, and iron).[8]
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Chronicle) testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly corn, flax, and hides.[8] German traders began visiting Riga, establishing a nearby outpost in 1158.
One theory for the origin of the name Riga is that it is a corrupted borrowing from the Liv ringa meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbour formed by the tributary loop of the Daugava.[9][10] The other is that Riga owes its name to this already-established role in commerce between East and West,[11] as a borrowing of the Latvian rija, for warehouse, the "j" becoming a "g" in German — notably, Riga is called Rie by English geographer Richard Hakluyt (1589),[8][12] and German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the origin of Riga from rija[8][13].
Along with German traders also arrived the monk Meinhard of Segeberg[11] to convert the pagans to Christianity. (Catholic and Orthodox Christianity had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians baptised.[8][11]) Meinhard settled among the Livs, building a castle and church at Ikšķile, upstream from Riga, and established his bishopric there.[11] The Livs, however, continued to practice paganism and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed his mission.[14] In 1198 the Bishop Bertold arrived with a contingent of crusaders[14] and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization.[8][11] Bertold was shortly killed and his forces defeated.[14]
The Church mobilised to avenge. Pope Innocent III issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians.[14] Bishop Albert was proclaimed Bishop of Livonia by his uncle Hartwig of Uthlede, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg in 1199. Albert landed in Riga in 1200[8][14] with 23 ships[15] and 500 Westphalian crusaders[16] and 500 Westphalian crusaders[16]. In 1201 he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting agreement to do so from the elders of Riga by force.[8]
1201 also marked the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, via the Dvina[17]. To defend territory[18] and trade, Albert established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202, open to nobles and merchants[17].
Christianization of the Livs continued. 1207 marked Albert's start on fortification of the town[17][19]. Emperor Philip's invested Albert with Livonia as a fief[20] and principality of the Holy Roman Empire[8]. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the Order, with the Church taking Riga and two thirds of all lands conquered and granting the Order a third[21]. Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home[21].
Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to carry on their Baltic trade through Riga[21]. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage[8], and Albert laid the cornerstone for the Riga Dom[22]. Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga[21]. In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel Polotsk to grant German merchants free river passage[17]. Polotsk conceded Kukenois (Koknese) and Jersika to Albert, also ending the Livs' tribute to Polotsk[23].
Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy from the Church. In 1221 they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga[18] and adopted a city constitution[24].
That same year Albert was compelled to recognize Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia[25]. Albert had sought the aid of King Valdemar of Denmark to protect Riga and Livonian lands against Liv insurrection when reinforcements could not reach Riga. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (Tallinn), and set about conquering Estonian and Livonian lands. The Germans attempted, but failed, to assassinate Valdemar[26]. Albert was able to reach an accommodation a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.[27].
Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued; with papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they no longer had to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga[28], and Riga's citizens acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councilors[28]. In 1226, Albert consecrated the Dom Cathedral[8], built St. James's Church[8] and founding a parochial school at the Church of St. George[11].
In 1227, Albert conquered Oesel [29], and the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the Principality of Smolensk giving Polotsk to Riga[30].
Albert died in January, 1229[31]. He failed his aspiration to be anointed archbishop[20] but the German hegemony he established over the Baltics would last for seven centuries[21].
In 1282 Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League. The Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times.
As the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the Reformation in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a trial by water in the Daugava River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.[32] With the demise of the Teutonic Knights in 1561, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City, then in 1581, Riga came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1621 Riga and the outlying fortress of Daugavgriva came under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who intervened in the Thirty Years' War not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German Lutheran Protestantism. During the Russo-Swedish War, 1656-1658, Riga withstood a siege by Russians. Riga remained the largest city in Sweden until 1710 during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In that year, in the course of Great Northern War, Russia under Tsar Peter the Great invaded Riga. Sweden's northern dominance ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalised through the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Riga was annexed by Russia and became an industrialised port city of the Russian empire, where it remained until World War I. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and Saint Petersburg in terms of numbers of industrial workers.[citation needed]
During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the Baltic Germans in Riga remained in their dominant position despite demographic changes. By 1867 Riga's population was 42.9% German.[33] Riga employed German as its official language of administration until the imposition of Russian language in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. Latvians began to supplant Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city in the mid-19th century. The rise of a Latvian bourgeoisie made Riga a centre of the Latvian National Awakening with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organisation of the first national song festival in 1873. The nationalist movement of the Young Latvians was followed by the socialist New Current during the city's rapid industrialisation, culminating in the 1905 Revolution led by the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
The 20th century brought World War I and the impact of the Russian Revolution of 1917 to Riga. The German army marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany. Because of the Armistice with Germany of November 11, 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence. Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on November 18, 1918.
Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of Western Europe. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners.
During the World War II, Latvia was occupied first by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and then by Nazi Germany in 1941-1944. The Baltic Germans were forcibly repatriated to Germany. The city's Jewish community was forced into Riga ghetto and concentration camps were constructed in Kaiserwald and the city of Salaspils.
In 1945 Latvia was once again occupied by the Red Army. As a result of the war Latvia lost approximately one-third of its population.[citation needed] Forced industrialisation and planned[citation needed] large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga.
The policy of economic reform, introduced in 1986 as Perestroika, led to dissolution of the Soviet Union and restoration of independent Latvia in 1991. Latvia formally joined the United Nations as an independent country on September 17, 1991. In 2004 Latvia joined both NATO and the European Union.
In 2004, the arrival of low-cost airlines resulted in cheaper flights from other European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists.[34]
| Historic Centre of Riga* | |
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| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
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| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii |
| Reference | 852 |
| Region** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1997 (21st Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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The city of Riga consists of six administrative regions, four of which are named after regions of Latvia - Kurzeme district, Latgale suburb, Vidzeme suburb, Zemgale suburb. There is also a Central District and a Northern district. Residents, however, divide Riga into residential neighbourhoods called micro regions. Unlike the city centre, they are mostly residential although they are equipped with commercial sectors.
Some common factors in these place names are "vec-" meaning old [vecs], "-kalns" meaning hill, "-ciems" meaning hamlet, "-sala" meaning island and "mež-" meaning forest [mežs].
The climate of Riga is humid continental (Koppen Dfb). The coldest months are January and February, when the average temperature is -5°C but temperatures as low as -20°C to -25°C can be observed almost every year on the coldest days. Due to the proximity of the sea autumn rains and fogs are frequent. Continuous snow cover may last eighty days. The summers in Riga are warm and humid with the average temperature of 18°C, while the temperature on the hottest days usually exceed 30°C.
| Weather data for Riga | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | -2.3 (28) |
-1.7 (29) |
2.7 (37) |
9.8 (50) |
16.2 (61) |
20.1 (68) |
21.7 (71) |
21.0 (70) |
16.3 (61) |
10.4 (51) |
3.9 (39) |
0.3 (33) |
|
| Average low °C (°F) | -7.8 (18) |
-7.6 (18) |
-4.7 (24) |
1.0 (34) |
5.9 (43) |
10.0 (50) |
12.3 (54) |
11.8 (53) |
8.0 (46) |
4.0 (39) |
-0.5 (31) |
-4.4 (24) |
|
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.34) |
27 (1.06) |
28 (1.1) |
41 (1.61) |
44 (1.73) |
63 (2.48) |
85 (3.35) |
73 (2.87) |
75 (2.95) |
60 (2.36) |
57 (2.24) |
46 (1.81) |
|
| Source: World Weather Information Service [35] 11.11.2008 | |||||||||||||
Business and leisure travel to Riga have increased significantly in recent years due to improved infrastructure. Most tourists travel to Riga by air via Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states, which was renovated and modernised in 2001 on the occasion of Riga's 800th anniversary. In the near future, the face of Riga will undergo notable changes. The construction of a new landmark — the Latvian National Library building — began in the autumn of 2007 and is due to be built by 2010.[36] Currently discussions are underway in Riga council about the development of the central areas on the left bank of the Daugava. The major dispute surrounds plans to build skyscrapers in Ķīpsala, which UNESCO warned "could seriously endanger the status of the Historic Centre of Riga as a World Heritage Site."[37] The construction of 3 buildings in Ķīpsala has already started — the Da Vinci complex (25 floors) and two high-rises called Z-Towers (30 floors).[38][39] Almost all important Latvian financial institutions are located in Riga, including the Bank of Latvia, which is Latvia's central bank. Foreign commercial trade through Riga has been on the increase in recent years and received new impetus on May 1, 2004 when Latvia became a member of the European Union. Riga accounts for about half of the total industrial output of Latvia, focusing on the financial sector, public utilities, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, wood processing, printing and publishing, textiles and furniture, and communications equipment manufacturing. More than 50% of Latvian companies are registered in Riga region.[40] The port of Riga is an important cargo shipping centre. It is the main all-weather port in the Baltic and is expected to grow in the next few years due to increased trade with other ex-Soviet states and China.[41]
Riga with its central geographic position and concentration of population, has always been the infrastructural hub of Latvia. Several national roads have their beginning in Riga and the European route E22 crosses Riga from the east and west, the Via Baltica crosses Riga from the south and north.
As a city situated by a river, Riga also has several bridges to facilitate easy crossing for an increasing volume of traffic. The oldest standing bridge is the Railway Bridge, which is also the only railroad carrying bridge in Riga. The Stone Bridge connects Old Town Riga and Pārdaugava, the Island Bridge connects Maskavas forštate and Pārdaugava via Zaķusala, and the Shroud Bridge connects Old Town Riga and Pārdaugava via Ķīpsala. In 2008, the first stage of the new Southern Bridge route across the Daugava was completed, and opened to traffic on November 17.[42] The Southern Bridge is currently the biggest construction project in the Baltic states in 20 years, and will help to reduce traffic jams and the amount of traffic in the city centre.[43][44]. Another big construction project is the planned Riga Northern Transport Corridor,[45] which is scheduled to begin in 2010.
Freeport of Riga facilitates cargo and passenger traffic by sea. Sea ferries currently connects Riga to Stockholm and Lübeck, operated respectively by Tallink and DFDS Tor Line [46][47]. The Latvian flagged ferries MS Romantika and MS Silja Festival can be seen at the Riga Passenger Terminal close to Old Town Riga.
Riga has one airport, Riga International Airport, that serves commercial airlines. Air traffic at the airport doubled between 1993 and 2004. Riga was also home to two air bases during the Cold War: Rumbula and Spilve.
Public transportation in the city is provided by Rīgas Satiksme which operates a large fleet of trams, buses and trolleybuses on an extensive network of routes across the city. In addition, many private owners operate minibus services. Riga is connected to the rest of Latvia by trains operated by the national railway company Passenger Train, whose headquarters are in Riga. There are also international rail links to Russia and Estonia. Riga International Coach Terminal provides domestic and international connections by coach. Current plans envisage a trans-European rail link from Tallinn to Warsaw via Riga [48] financed by the European Union, with the first phase to be completed by 2013.[49]
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With 713,016 inhabitants in 2008, Riga is the largest city in the Baltic States, though its population has decreased since 1991.[3] Notable causes include emigration and low fertility rates. Some have estimated that the population may fall by as much as 50% by 2050.[50] According to the 2008 data, ethnic Latvians make up 42.3% of the population of Riga, with the percentage of ethnic Russians at 41.7%, Belarusians at 4.3%, Ukrainians at 3.9%, Poles at 2.0%, and others ethnicities at 5.8%.[2] By comparison, 59% of Latvia's inhabitants are ethnic Latvians, 28.5% are Russians, 3.8% are Belarusians, 2.5% are Ukrainians, 2.4% are Polish, 1.4% are Lithuanians and the remaining 2.4% are accounted for by other ethnicities (2006).[2] Upon restoration of Latvian independence in 1991, Soviet-era migrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship. Some have emigrated; this partially accounts for the recent decline in Riga's population. As a result of this repatriation of some Soviet-era migrants, the proportion of ethnic Latvians in Riga has increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 42.3% in 2007. In contrast the percentage of Russians has fallen from 47.3% to 42.1% in the same time period. Latvians overtook Russians as the largest ethnic group in 2006,[4].
In 2006 a World Ice Hockey Championships was held in Riga. Arena Riga was built for the event. As of 2008, a new Latvian ice hockey club Dinamo Riga was established in order to play in the Kontinental Hockey League. The city is home to the Latvian Bandy Federation.[53] Riga is also the home town for legendary women's basketball club TTT Rīga, which throughout 1960's and 1970's won twelve European champion titles.
Riga maintains sister city relationships with the following cities:[54]
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Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
| Translations: Riga |
 | riga fir |
| Riger (family name) |
| Dvina River |
 | What is the climate in Riga? Read answer... |
| When was Riga established? Read answer... |
| Where is the Riga Airport? Read answer... |
 | What is the distance to riga to helsinki? |
| Why does riga mortis happen? |
| Riga during ww2? |
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