Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le
monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté), is a large statue that was
presented to the United States by France in 1886. It
stands at Liberty Island, New York in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper
patina-clad statue, dedicated on October 28
1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship from France
to America. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue and obtained a U.S. patent
useful for raising construction funds through the sale of miniatures. Alexandre Gustave
Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) engineered the internal structure.
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoussé
technique.
The statue is of a female figure standing upright, dressed in a robe and a seven point spiked rays representing a nimbus
(halo), holding a stone tablet close to her body in her left hand and a flaming torch high in her right hand. The tablet bears
the words "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" (July 4, 1776), commemorating the date of the United States Declaration of Independence.
The statue is made of a sheeting of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally
puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in
gold leaf. It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of
an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151' 1" (46.5 m) tall, with the pedestal and foundation adding another 154 feet
(46.9 m).
Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States,[2] and, more generally, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of
Liberty was, from 1886 until the jet age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States
for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. Visually,
the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the
Colossus of Rhodes.
The statue is a central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument,
administered by the National Park Service.
Symbolism
The Statue of Liberty's obviously classical appearance (Roman stola, sandals, facial expression) derives from Libertas, ancient Rome's goddess
of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Broken shackles lie at her feet.[3] The seven spikes in the crown represent the Seven Seas and seven continents.[4] Her torch signifies enlightenment. The tablet in her hand shows the date of the nation's birth, July 4, 1776.
Since 1903, the statue, also known as "Lady Liberty," has been associated with Emma
Lazarus's poem The New Colossus and has been a symbol of welcome to
arriving immigrants.
History
Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and
sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René Lefèvre de
Laboulaye. French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi was commissioned to design a
sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil
which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still
considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to monarchism, or to
some form of constitutional authoritarianism which they had known under Napoleon.
The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for
the republican cause against other politicians.
Unsubstantiated sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed
Isabella Eugenie Boyer, the wife of Isaac
Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only
his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and … his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a
well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for
the Statue of Liberty." [5] Another source believed that
the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801–1891), with whom he was very close. [6] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting
that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. [7] The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the
Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris.
While in a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to
colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of Suez Canal which was being undertaken by
Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, who later became a lifelong friend of his. He
envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to Suez Canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman
goddess Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming
out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian
Khediev, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was
never commissioned because of financial issues the country was going through.[8]
It was agreed upon that in a joint effort the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible
for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. In France, public donations, various forms of entertainment including
notably performances of La liberté éclairant le monde (Liberty enlightening the world) by soon-to-be famous composer
Charles Gounod at Paris Opera, and a charitable
lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs ($250,000). In the United
States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in
providing needed funds.
Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing
such a colossal copper sculpture. Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which
allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted
structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin.
Bartholdi had initially planned to have the statue completed and presented to the United States on July 4, 1876, but a late
start and subsequent delays prevented it. However, by that time the right arm and torch were completed. This part of the statue
was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where visitors were charged 50 cents to climb the ladder to the balcony. The
money raised this way was used to start funding the pedestal.
On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the
Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.
Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by Act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island,
where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification. United States Minister to France Levi Parsons
Morton hammered the first nail in the construction of the statue.
Bartholdi's design patent
On February 18 1879, Bartholdi was granted a
design patent, U.S. Patent , on "a statue
representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm
upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set
forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown
slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered
representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief,
in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition."[9]
The financing for the statue was completed in France in July, 1882.
Fundraising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts, was going slowly, so
Hungarian-born publisher Joseph Pulitzer (who
established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The
World, to support the fund raising effort in 1883. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to
finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds.[10]. Although Pulitzer's campaign was an important contribution to
the effort, its dramatic effect should not be allowed to overshadow the plain fact that Senator Evarts and the American Committee
he headed raised the majority of funds for the pedestal as a whole.
The construction of the statue was completed in France in July, 1884.
The cornerstone of the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris
Hunt, was laid on August 5 1884, but the construction had
to be stopped by lack of funds in January, 1885. It was resumed on May 11, 1885 after a renewed fund campaign by Joseph Pulitzer in March, 1885. Thirty-eight of the forty-six courses of
masonry were yet to be built.
The Statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17 1885 on board
the French frigate Isère. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214
crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.)
Financing for the pedestal was completed on August 11 1885
and construction was finished on April 22 1886. When the last
stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of
silver coins.
Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up
to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus Liberty is integral with her pedestal.
The Statue, which stayed eleven months in crates waiting for her pedestal to be finished, was then re-assembled in four
months' time. On October 28 1886, the Statue of Liberty was
dedicated by President Grover
Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. (Ironically, it was Cleveland who, as Governor of the State of New York,
had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal.) [11] In any event, she was a centennial gift ten years
belated.
The Statue of Liberty functioned as an actual lighthouse from 1886 to 1902[12][13]). At that time the U.S. Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. There was a lighthouse
keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. There was an electric plant on the island to
generate power for the light.
Political cartoon of the
First Red Scare depicting a monstrous "European
Anarchist" attempting to destroy the
Statue of
Liberty.
In 1916, the Black Tom Explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage ($1.9 million in
2007 dollars) to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year,
Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore,
modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an
internal light[citation needed]. After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and
snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28
1936).
As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis
Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic
Places on October 15 1966[14].
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the World Heritage List.[15]
In 2007, the Statue of Liberty was one of 20 finalists in a competition to name the New Seven Wonders of the World.
Physical Characteristics
There are 354 steps inside the statue and its pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown
which comprise the jewels beneath the seven rays of the diadem. The
tablet which the Statue holds in her left hand reads, in Roman numerals, "July 4, 1776" the day of America's independence from Britain.
The Statue of Liberty was engineered to withstand heavy winds. Winds of 50 miles per hour cause the Statue to sway 3 inches
(7.62 cm) and the torch to sway 5 inches (12.7 cm). This allows the Statue to move rather than break in high wind load conditions.
| Feature |
Imperial |
Metric |
| Height from base to torch |
151 ft 1 in |
46.5 m |
| Foundation of pedestal to torch |
305 ft 1 in |
93 m |
| Heel to top of head |
111 ft 1 in |
33.86 m |
| Length of hand |
16 ft 5 in |
5 m |
| index finger |
8 ft 0 in |
2.44 m |
| Circumference at second joint |
3 ft 6 in |
1.07 m |
| Size of fingernail |
13"x10" |
32x25.4 cm |
| Head from chin to cranium |
17 ft 3 in |
5.26 m |
| Head thickness from ear to ear |
10 ft 0 in |
3.05 m |
| Distance across the eye |
2 ft 6 in |
0.76 m |
| Length of nose |
4 ft 6 in |
1.48 m |
| Right arm length |
42 ft 0 in |
12.8 m |
| Right arm greatest thickness |
12 ft 0 in |
3.66 m |
| Thickness of waist |
35 ft 0 in |
10.67 m |
| Width of mouth |
3 ft 0 in |
0.91 m |
| Tablet, length |
23 ft 7 in |
7.19 m |
| Tablet, width |
13 ft 7 in |
4.14 m |
| Tablet, thickness |
2 ft 0 in |
0.61 m |
| Height of granite pedestal |
89 ft 0 in |
27.13 m |
| Height of foundation |
65 ft 0 in |
19.81 m |
| Weight of copper used in Statue |
200,000 pounds |
90.7 tonnes |
| Weight of steel used in Statue |
250,000 pounds |
113.4 tonnes |
| Total weight used in Statue |
450,000 pounds |
204.1 tonnes |
| Copper sheeting of Statue is |
3/32 of an inch thick |
2.4 mm |
Origin of the copper
Full-size replica of the face of the Statue, seen as part of the exhibit in one of the corridors of the Statue's
pedestal. Note the retention of the original copper color.
Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Vigsnes in the municipality of Karmøy, Norway, tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Vigsnes Mine.[16][17] Ore
from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant
source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, Bell Laboratories used
emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of
impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper. Other
sources say that the copper was mined in Nizhniy Tagil.[18]
Liberty Centennial
- See also: Liberty Weekend
The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing
campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American
Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated
contributions of $1.7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a
$62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head
the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest).[19] Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public
view until the rededication on July 3 1986 — the scaffolding-clad statue can be seen in the 1984 film Desperately Seeking Susan and in the 1985 film Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins. Inside work began with workers using
liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper
skin over the decades. That left two layers of tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent
corrosion. Blasting with baking soda removed the tar without further damaging the
copper. Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.[citation needed]
Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness.
Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos/pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of
stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. Liquid nitrogen was
again introduced to parts of the copper skin in a cryogenics process which was treated by a
(now defunct) Michigan company called CryoTech[citation needed] to ensure certain individual parts of the statue were strengthened and
would last longer after installation.
The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46 m) to
the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61 m) to the left, which compromised the
framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too
close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm
structurally sound.
Besides the replacement of much of the internal iron with stainless steel and the structural reinforcement of the statue
itself, the restoration of the mid-1980s also included the replacement of the original torch with a replica, replacing the
original iron stairs with new stairs, installing a newer elevator within the pedestal, and upgrading climate control systems. The
Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986.
New torch
Original torch, replaced in 1986.
A new torch replaced the original, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch
is now located in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to
the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform.
Aftermath of 9/11
The interior of the statue used to be open to visitors. They would arrive by ferry and could climb the circular single-file
stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching
extreme temperatures, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could
fit up into her crown. This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (it faces the ocean) through 25 windows, the largest
approximately 18" (46 cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City. The wait outside
regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.
Liberty Island closed on September 11,
2001; the island reopened in December, the monument itself reopened on August 3
2004, and the statue itself has remained closed. The National Park Service claims that the statue
is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including
inadequate evacuation procedures. Currently, the museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitation but are only accessible if
visitors have a "Monument Access Pass" which is a reservation that visitors must make at least two days in advance of their visit
and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day (with a total of 15000 visitors to
the island daily). The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of
Eiffel's iron framework.
Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are currently subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the
security found in airports.
The Statue of Liberty had previously been threatened by terrorism, according to the FBI. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three
commandos from the Black Liberation Front, who were allegedly connected to Cuba, and a female co-conspirator from Montreal connected with the
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), seeking independence for Quebec from Canada, who
were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national shrines—the Liberty Bell in
Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
In June 2006, a bill, S. 3597, was proposed in Congress which, if approved,
could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors. It will probably be voted on by mid-2007.[20]
On August 9, 2006 National Park Service Director Fran Mainella, in a
letter to Congressman Anthony Weiner of New York
stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. The letter stated that "the current access
patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors.".[21] Critics contend that closing the Statue of Liberty indefinitely is an
overreaction, and that safe access could easily be resumed under tighter security measures.
Jumps
At 2:45 p.m. on February 2 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the
army captain administering the island. The New York Times reported that he
"fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first",
but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away.[22]
The first suicide took place on May 13 1929. The Times
reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as "Ralph Gleason," crawled out through one of the windows of the crown,
turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breast of the statue in the plunge." The
body landed at a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass.[23]
On August 23, 2001, French stuntman Thierry Devaux parasailed onto the monument and got hung up on the statue's torch in a bungled attempt to
bungee jump from it. He was not hurt and was charged with four misdemeanor offenses including trespassing.
Inscription
The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem "The New
Colossus" by Emma Lazarus. It has never been engraved on the exterior of the
pedestal, despite such depictions in editorial cartoons.[24]
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at
our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned
lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes
command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries
she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to
me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Replicas and derivative works
The Statue of Liberty copy on the river Seine in Paris, France. Given to the city in 1889, it faces southwest, downstream along
the Seine.
-
Hundreds of other Statues of Liberty have been erected worldwide.
During the 1950s and 60s, the Boy Scouts of America worked hard to donate
replicas of Lady Liberty to small towns across America.
There is a sister statue in Paris and several others elsewhere in France; they also exist in Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan,
China, and Vietnam; one existed in Hanoi during French colonial days. There are replicas in theme parks and resorts, including
the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas on the Strip, replicas created as commercial
advertising, and replicas erected in U.S. communities by patriotic benefactors, including no less than two hundred donated by Boy
Scout troops to local communities. During the Tiananmen Square protest of
1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m image called the
Goddess of Democracy, which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally
dissimilar to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American".[25] A replica also appears in front of the El Monte Police Department
Headquarters in El Monte, California.
In popular culture
-
The Statue of Liberty quickly became a popular icon, featured in scores of posters, pictures, motion pictures, and books. A
1911 O. Henry story relates a fanciful conversation between "Mrs. Liberty" and another statue; it figured in 1918 Liberty Loan
posters. During the 1940s and 1950s, pulp Science Fiction magazines featured Lady Liberty surrounded by ruins or by the sediments
of the ages. It has been in dozens of motion pictures. It is a setting in the 1942 Alfred
Hitchcock movie Saboteur, which featured a climactic confrontation at the
statue. Half submerged in the sand, the Statue provided the apocalyptic revelation at the end of Planet of the Apes. The statue became a character in the 1989 film,
Ghostbusters 2, in which it comes to life and helps defeat the evil villain. It
was the subject of a 1978 University of Wisconsin-Madison prank in which
Lady Liberty appeared to be standing submerged in a frozen-over local lake. It has appeared on New York and New Jersey license
plates, is used as a logo for the NHL's New
York Rangers and the WNBA's New York Liberty, and it was the subject of magician David Copperfield's largest vanishing act. Most recently it has been used for the cover
of the Smashing Pumpkins latest album, Zeitgeist.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
References
- Holdstock, Robert, editor. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. London: Octopus books, 1978.
- Moreno, Barry. The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
- Vidal, Pierre. Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi 1834–1904: Par la Main, par l'Esprit. Paris: Les créations du pélican,
2000.
- Smith, V. Elaine, "Engineering Miss Liberty's Rescue." Popular Science, June 1986, page 68.
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
- ^ Statue of Liberty. HTML. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
- ^ Fun Facts
- ^ USIA. Portrait of the USA: The
Statue of Liberty. Retrieved on 2006-05-29.
- ^ (Ruth Brandon, Singer and the Sewing Machine: A Capitalist Romance,
p. 211)
- ^ (Leslie Allen, "Liberty: The Statue and the American Dream," p. 21)
- ^ (Alice J. Hall, "Liberty Lifts Her Lamp Once More," July 1986.)
- ^ Statue of Liberty National Park: History. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
- ^ Khan,
B. Zorina (2005). The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790–1920.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81135-X.
p. 299 [1]
- ^ National Park Service Historical Handbook: Statue of Liberty (2000-09-25). Retrieved on
2007-05-19.
- ^ "On This Day, The New York Times, May 2, 1885, "Harper's Weekly featured
a cartoon about construction of the Statue of Liberty"
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=307
- ^ Karmøy Kommune. Retrieved on 2006-05-29. (Tourism
website) "Vinsnes Mining Museum: The copper mines at Visnes were in operation until as recently as 1972. The copper for the
Statue of Liberty in New York was extracted here."
- ^ Copper Development Association. Copper Facts. Retrieved on
2006-05-29. A U. S. copper industry website. "The Statue of Liberty contains 179,000 pounds of
copper. It came from the Visnes copper mines on Karmoy Island near Stavanger, Norway, and was fabricated by French
artisans."
- ^ Statue of Liberty Made of Russian Copper?.
- ^ Robert Pear (1986-02-14). Iacocca and Secretary of Interior Clash Over Statue Panel Ouster. The New York Times.
Retrieved on 2006-06-06. "Interior Secretary Donald P.
Hodel … dismissed Mr. Iacocca on Wednesday from the commission 'to avoid any question of conflict' of interest arising
from Mr. Iacocca's simultaneous service as head of a private foundation that has raised $233 million for restoration of the
statue and Ellis Island. The foundation also awards contracts for the restoration work."
- ^ Introduction of Bills and Joint Resolutions—(Senate—June 29, 2006) S6786. Library of
Congress Congressional Record (2006-06-29). Retrieved on 2006-08-17.
- ^ "Statue of Liberty's Crown to Stay Closed" Associated Press, August 9,
2006
- ^ "Parachute Leap Off Statue of Liberty; Steeplejack Had First Thought of
Jumping Off the Singer Building. Steers With His Arms And Lands Safely on Stone Coping 30 feet from Water's Edge—He Won't
Talk About It." The New York Times, February 3, 1912, p. 4
- ^ "Youth Plunges Off Statue of Liberty Crown, 200 Feet High, in First
Suicide at That Spot." The New York Times, May 14, 1929, p. 1
- ^ e.g. Barry Shelton (2000-06-02). New Statue of Liberty.
Retrieved on 2006-05-28.
- ^ Tsao Tsing-yuan. "The Birth of the Goddess of Democracy." In
Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140–147. Boulder,
Col.: Westview Press, 1994.
External links
Coordinates:
40.6892° N 74.0445°
W
