You might be able to download it from the game marketplace, but other than that no.
no, you need the disk
No, it's not.
Installs it to your hardive. This means you will be able to play the game without the disk. It also reduces the loading speed as it loading from the hardrive and not from the actual disk. As a side note to some people: You cannot download a game to a ps2's hardrive.
put the disk in
Yes, You need the disk and you cant use your friends disk and download it to your Xbox 360 it will say you need the disk in your Xbox when you play it.
Put it in the disk tray.
Install it from a different disk onto hardrive or xbox usb then you use the broken disk as a key to play it.
The simplest answer is no, it is, in a way possible if you were to make a copy of the disk on a modded xbox, but that defeats the purpose of the one disk question.
No, you would still need the disk in order to play the game. Installing the game into the HD only makes it perform faster.
yes you could get the disk and download it from the disc or you could buy it from the xbox and download it with out the disk.
Just put it in the disk tray and start playing!
In general, no. You need the game disk to play an Xbox360 game. Of course there are games you can buy through the online marketplace, and some of those are the same games you can buy on disk. Obviously for marketplace games, you won't need a disk. The Xbox360 does have an "Install Game" option once you've inserted the disk. However, you'll still need the disk to play. Once installed, the game is able to load some features faster, but it does not eliminate the need for the disk. The other topic to bring up is console modification. Through a risky not-for-beginners modification process, it's possible to enable the Xbox360 console to play the games you backed-up to hard drive, without the disk. Be warned that modifying your Xbox will void your warranty, and may get you banned from Xbox Live.