Focus was on applications for which programs would be written, and all the data required would be stored in a file or files owned by the programs.
Clearly, each program was responsible for only its own data, which could be repeated in other program's data files. Different programs could be written in different languages, and would not be able to access another program's files. This would be true even for those programs written in the same language, because a program needs to know the file structure before it can access it.
Handling data in the early file based system focused on applications for which program will be formulated, complete data and information is stored in files owned by the program.
In the early file based system their all data was in written form, due to the lake of education, due to the in-femelarity with new techniques, lake of computer knowledge so all the data required would be stored in a file or files owned by the programs. Clearly, each program was responsible for only its own data, which could be repeated in other program's data files. Different programs could be written in different languages, and would not be able to access another program's files. This would be true even for those programs written in the same language, because a program needs to know the file structure before it can access it.
There are significant differences in physical implementation of how data is stored and used. A database allows for data to be recorded in related structures with optimization aligned to the goals of the model for efficient use. The classes or record types in a database could be considered like lists in a file, though within the framework of the database management system (dbms) that relates, stores, indexes, retrieves, and updates the data in place. Ordinarily, file-based storage is for simpler, less structured lists that do not need to be related to data in other files as dynamically as a database. In practice, their use is significantly different, but conceptually there are many overlaps. One could denormalize the data in a database into a set of files suitable for some data processing needs, and databases are implemented in system files that are managed by the dbms, through which the developer and user operate.
Access control is a system which enables an authority to control access to areas and resources in a given physical facility or computer-based information system.
group of people that ocuppies a rank or level in society
Roman law was based on the principle of rights, the rights of citizens.
Bureaucratic approach is a formal system of an organization based on clearly defined hierarchical levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness.
The Garmin approach s1 GPS watch is a more portable alternative to the traditional car based GPS system. The portability of the GPS watch is its biggest advantage. Unfortunately it does not have all of the capabilities of a car based GPS system.
A system development approach is a framework and guide of all the activities involved in system development, facilitates teamwork, sets expectation and communicates timelines, milestones & deliverables. An organization selects a system development approach based on their size, technological complexity and problem/opportunity the system will solve.
Activity-based budgeting is a technique that focuses on costs of activities or cost drivers necessary for production and sales. Such an approach facilitates continuous improvement.
Activity-based budgeting is a technique that focuses on costs of activities or cost drivers necessary for production and sales. Such an approach facilitates continuous improvement.
Charracteristecs of the competency based approach
Interdisciplinary Action based Science and art System approach
Skill-based pay is a system that pays employees based on the skills they possess or master, not for the job they hold.
behavioural approach is a field of information system that deals with behaviour issues arising from the developed system and long time maintenance of the information system also deals with issues that cannot be explode using formulas.technical approach this approach emphasis on three things- mathematical based models to study an information system-looks at physical technology and formal capability of the system- emphasis at identifying solutions that can be represented by formulas
features of file based approach
research based approach to marketing
value-based pricing approach