Did criminals carry torture stake at golgotha?

Answer 1

No, torture stakes were mainly used for people who would be burned.

Although the greek word for cross 'stauros' could be used for both the cross and a stake, in the latin language there is the word for both cross and stake separately. Some of the early Christian writings have both words in the same sentence.

You put Christians on crosses and stakes: Tertullian Apology 12,4 (ca. 200 AD)

Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render our adoration... Tertullian Apology 16,10

But in all the early writings in latin, they always testify that Jesus was crucified on a cross and nowhere that he was crucified on a stake.

There is no doubt that Jesus the Messiah was crucified on a cross, and not on a stake. Even in the earliest Greek writings there are a number of places where the shape of the cross (stauros) is described.

And because the cross was to express the grace of our redemption] by the letter T,

Barnabas 9,3 (ca. 90 AD)

Yet again He speaks of this in Moses, when Israel was attacked by strangers. And that He might remind them, when assailed, that it was on account of their sins they were delivered to death, the Spirit speaks to the heart of Moses, that he should make a figure of the cross, and of Him about to suffer thereon Barnabas 12,2 (Aaron and Hur Held his Hands on his sides in the shape of a cross Ex 17,12)

And the human form differs from that of the irrational animals in nothing else than in its being erect and having the hands extended, and having on the face extending from the forehead what is called the nose, through which there is respiration for the living creature; and this shows no other form than that of the cross. Justin First Apology 55,5 (Extended Hands of man forms the shape of the cross)

For the one of them, stretching out his hands, remained till evening on the hill, his hands being supported; and this reveals a type of no other thing than of the cross: and the other, whose name was altered to Jesus (Joshua), led the fight, and Israel conquered. Justin Trypho 111,3

and that lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.Justin Trypho 40,4 (150 AD)

Now, no one could say or prove that the horns of an unicorn represent any other fact or figure than the type which portrays the cross. Justin Trypho 91,2 (the horns of this type of cow go out forming a 'T')

The very form of the cross, too, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails. Irenaus Heresies 2 24,4 (many of the earliest crosses had a piece of wood where a Person being crucified could sit.)

These are some of the earliest descriptions of how the cross looked, with the form of a 'T', i.e. the larger pole up and down with the smaller pole left to right.

There are a number of places in scriptures where the shape was foretold. One of the most common ones was shown as they sprinkled the blood of the Passover blood on the top of the door and on both sides, forming with the blood the shape of the cross.