Does anybody ever respect the marriage vows?

Brain Freeze, Goose Bumps, And Other Weird Stuff Your Body Does Without Asking. What are they?

Ever wonder where “brain freeze” comes from?What about the hiccups? How about goose bumps? While you might not spend much time thinking about these strange body phenomena, they’re fairly complex neurological events. In some cases, they serve important biological functions (or they did at one time).James Giordano, PhD, is a professor in neurology and biochemistry at Georgetown University Medical Center. We spoke with him to discuss some of these strange neurological phenomenon—and to find out, once and for all, how to get rid of the hiccups.For instance, we learned that…Scientists have several theories regarding “brain freeze.”We’ve all been there: You’re eating ice cream or slurping on a milkshake when you’re suddenly hit with an intense wave of pain.In other words, you’re overloading an extremely sensitive part of your mouth, and you’re not giving your brain enough time to recognize the rapid change in temperature. The effect is immediate—and for some people, almost unbearably painful.“What ends up happening is that, when you have something very cold in your mouth, it will cause a rapid constriction of the blood vessels in and around the nerves at the roof of your mouth,” Giordano explains. “That change in the constriction and dilation sends a very, very strong signal to the brain that it’s a painful input.“It’s called a sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgic event.”After taking about 20 minutes to learn how to spell “sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgic event,” we asked the professor: Once your brain stops freezing, how do you stop the pain?“It’s real easy to fix,” he says, “Just take your tongue, which is quite warm, and press it against the roof of your mouth for about five to 10 seconds. Or drink something that is at least 10 to 15 degrees warmer than whatever it is you put in your mouth.“This helps to resolve the hyperstimulation that likely causes brain freeze. We say “likely” because up until a few years ago, there was another theory.“The old theory held that rapid constriction of the blood vessels diverts blood flow to a major artery of your brain, and that blood vessel constricts, then rapidly opens up to increase blood flow to your brain,” Giordano says. “It seems likely that it’s probably not the case. It’s probably due to a hyperstimulus.”In case you’re wondering, yes, there are scientists studying brain freeze. We like to picture study participants laying in MRI machines while frantically licking ice cream cones.“You’d be amazed at what people do for grant money,” Giordano jokes. However, he quickly adds that this type of research can be quite important.“For some people, [brain freeze] can be very severe,” he says. “Even relatively cold stuff can make some people very sensitive. It does represent something that’s study-able—it’s not trivial.”In fact, some researchers believe that studying brain freeze may provide some insight into other types of neurological events, including more severe headaches such as migraines.Hiccups are fairly easy to explain—and remarkably easy to fix.That said, hiccups are nothing if not a physical experience, so it’s best we tell you about them in video form. Watch the video below to learn more about what causes the peculiarities—and the simple trick for curing them:The same principals apply to other folk remedies, including one that requires biting on a lemon soaked in aromatic bitters. The bitters overstimulate the nerves, while the acid from the lemon acts as a binding agent. Giordano says that other home hiccup remedies may have similar results.“I’m a big fan of home remedies,” he says. “It’s a form of family science—people experiment, and if something doesn’t work, the remedy doesn’t get passed down.”Ever wonder why your entire body suddenly jerks awake while you’re falling asleep?That phenomenon is called a hypnic (or hypnagogic) jerk, and it’s often accompanied by the sensation of falling.“As you’re beginning to fall asleep or change your level of consciousness, basically you’re becoming what’s called hypnagogic,” Giordano says. “You’re getting progressively more relaxed.”“As your muscles begin to relax, the muscles are stretching. In each and all of our muscle fibers, we have stretch receptors, or spindle fibers. As our muscles expand, we contract them very subtly throughout the course of the day. This helps us to maintain our posture.”“As we fall asleep, our muscle tone begins to lessen, and we get an elongation of muscles. However, if we’re not fully asleep—if our body relaxes a little bit faster than our brain does—our brain attends to that feedback; it says, ‘Hey, we’re getting this stretch response. We’re either falling or overextending our muscles.'”“Our bodies introduce a rapid compensation response, which is a twitch.” To put that another way, our brains and bodies aren’t in sync.Is there a way to prevent this from happening? “It really depends,” Giordano says. “For some people it’s really natural. It happens to me just about every night…There’s really nothing there to predict it, it’s a fairly natural thing.”“If it’s bothersome for some people, stretching before you go to bed may be helpful. It preloads the system to anticipate the stretch. A hot shower or a hot bath, which is very relaxing, can introduce a similar relaxation effect. And for some people, if the effect is very severe and/or happens frequently, a solution may be consult with their physician to provide certain medications. But this is usually reserved for more extreme cases.”Researchers generally agree that substances like caffeine can increase the chances of a hypnic jerk, as can physical or emotional stress, so lifestyle changes can be an effective treatment. Medication is a last resort, but if you’re having serious issues sleeping, talk to a sleep specialist.Ever hear strange sounds while falling asleep?Some of those sounds might be real—well, in a sense.“There are three sets of bones that make up the hearing apparatus. Sound comes into the ear, displaces the eardrum, and that causes these little bones to move,” Giordano says. “Those bones actually have ligaments in between them, and very, very small muscles that form a ring around them.”“For some individuals, as the muscles relax, the level of tone will change, as will the way we process sound. We have two effects: a mechanical effect and a neurological effect.”That can result in hypnagogic claps, to use medical terminology, or “sleep booms,” to use a term we just made up. Basically, as the tiny muscles relax, your brain “hears” a sound. In some cases, the sounds are unsettling.“Many people worry when they hear rustling noises,” Giordano says. “They might think they’re having hallucinations.”Hallucinations, by definition, occur when a person is fully awake, but while you’re sleeping, you might experience something similar to a hallucination. Just prior to REM sleep, the brain can easily misinterpret stimuli. Rustling sounds, for example, might become whispers.“The distinction between real sounds and early-stage dream sounds becomes blurred,” Giordano notes. “But it’s very common to hear sounds while drifting off to sleep.”Goose bumps are probably an evolutionary throwback.“To understand the goose bumps is to understand the pee shivers,” Giordano says.Don’t worry, we’ll get to the pee shivers in a minute.“The base of every hair on your body is a little muscle known as the arrector pili muscle,” he says. “… What happens is that some stimulation causes a piloerector effect.”That produces something called horripilation, commonly referred to as “goose bumps” or “goose flesh.” The muscles surrounding each hair tense up, pushing the hair straight out. Cats do the same thing; when frightened, their hair puffs out to make them look more intimidating.“This is essentially an evolutionary throwback to when we were much hairier creatures,” Giordano says. “The reason this is important is our ‘coats,’ if you will, do a number of different things. Certainly, they can be used to keep us warm, but we can also use our coats as an ornament. If we get excited, aroused, or angry, we want to change our appearance. One way we can do this is puff ourselves up.”“For humans, it happens to us when we encounter extremes of temperature because we’re having this vestigial response.”Certain emotions will cause a similar response. The sympathetic nervous system, which controls our fight-or-flight response, increases activity. That causes a change in heart rate, which our bodies might interpret as a physical chill. Now, about those pee shivers…Yes, we’re actually going to explain the pee shivers.The pee shivers are similar to goose bumps; they’re an activation of our fight-or-flight responses.Do you occasionally shiver after you pee?— Cardigan Collin (@BriceCollin) December 26, 2017“[The fight-or-flight response] increases the tone to our muscle, and we feel that as a shiver—we feel that contraction,” Giordano says. “For some people, it also changes their level of vasodilation, and it’ll open up the blood vessels to the core and to the muscle and change the blood flow to the extremities. They may actually perceive a chill running through them.”What does that have to do with urination? That depends on what type of pee shivers you’re getting.“There’s two kinds: the ‘I gotta pee’ shivers and the ‘I just finished’ shivers,” Giordano says. “The ‘I gotta,’ that’s pretty easy. Your sympathetic nervous system is pretty jazzed. It’s stressed. The more your bladder fills, the more force it takes to keep the little muscle contracted. You’re keeping force on that muscle, and that becomes stressful, so sometimes you get one of these shivers.”The “I just finished” shivers are a bit more complex, neurologically speaking.“Your body has gone from primarily using its sympathetic nervous system to its parasympathetic nervous system, which causes you to shiver,” he says. “Your nervous system’s trying to reset itself. It doesn’t happen to everyone, nor does it happen to everyone all the time. What will often happen is that your bladder will be very full. It’s that level of relaxation that then gives you the shivers.”The parasympathetic nervous system, by the way, controls “rest-and-digest” functions. And you thought that your pee shivers were boring.In case you’re wondering, there’s a scientific name for this phenomenon: post-micturition convulsion syndrome. The Wikipedia page for said syndrome notes that “several studies by companies have documented pee shivers,” but we couldn’t track them down. We did find evidence of one case report, which, sadly, isn’t available online. We’re imagine it says something like, “Patient vows to always put the toilet seat up for the rest of his natural life.”Still, we’re comforted by the idea that out there, somewhere, scientists are working hard to understand things like pee shivers. Our bodies aren’t always easy to explain, especially when bodily phenomena become somewhat taboo, but hard-working researchers are doing their best.It’s enough to give you goose bumps—or pee shivers, for that matter.R.J. Wilson

How many petals on Iris flower?

Irises are perennial plants, growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises) or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect flowering stems which may be simple or branched, solid or hollow, and flattened or have a circular cross-section. The rhizomatous species usually have 3-10 basal sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The bulbous species have cylindrical, basal leaves.Flower[edit]The inflorescences are in the shape of a fan and contain one or more symmetrical six-lobed flowers. These grow on a pedicel or peduncle. The three sepals, which are spreading or droop downwards, are referred to as "falls". They expand from their narrow base, which in some of the rhizomatous irises has a "beard" (a tuft of short upright extensions growing in its midline), into a broader expanded portion ("limb"), often adorned with veining, lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. They are called "standards". Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards, but generally limb and standards differ markedly in appearance. They are united at their base into a floral tube that lies above the ovary (known as an epigynous or inferior ovary). The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches; this is significant in pollination.Iris reichenbachiifruitThe iris flower is of interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing for nectar, will first come into contact with the perianth, then with the stigmatic stamens in one whorled surface which is borne on an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorled underside of the stamens is beneath the overarching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma; in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower will, in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma; in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower.The iris fruit is a capsule which opens up in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. In some species, these bear an aril.Taxonomy[edit]Iris is the largest genus of the family Iridaceae with up to 300 species - many of them natural hybrids.[4] Modern classifications, starting with Dykes (1913), have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections. Subsequent authors such as Lawrence (1953) and Rodionenko (1987) have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining Dykes' groupings, using six subgenera further divided into twelve sections. Of these, section Limneris(subgenus Limneris) was further divided into sixteen series. Like some older sources, Rodionenko moved some of the bulbous subgenera (Xiphium, Scorpiris and Hermodactyloides) into separate genera (Xiphion, Juno and Iridodictyum respectively), but this has not been accepted by later writers such as Mathew (1989), although the latter kept Hermodactylus as a distinct genus, to include Hermodactylus tuberosus, now returned to Hermodactyloides as Iris tuberosa.[4]Rodionenko also reduced the number of sections in subgenus Iris, from six to two, depending on the presence (Hexapogon) or absence (Iris) of arils on the seeds, referred to as arilate or nonarilate. Taylor (1976) provides arguments for not including all arilate species in Hexapogon.[4]In general, modern classifications usually recognise six subgenera, of which five are restricted to the Old World; the sixth (subgenus Limniris) has a Holarctic distribution. The two largest subgenera are further divided into sections.Subgeneric division[edit]Subgenera[edit]Iris (Bearded rhizomatous irises)Limniris (Beardless rhizomatous irises)Xiphium (Smooth-bulbed bulbous irises: Formerly genus Xiphion)Nepalensis (Bulbous irises: Formerly genus Junopsis)Scorpiris(Smooth-bulbed bulbous irises: Formerly genus Juno)Hermodactyloides(Reticulate-bulbed bulbous irises: Formerly genus Iridodictyum)Sections, series and species[edit]Further information: List of Iris speciesDistribution and habitat[edit]Nearly all species are found in temperate Northern hemisphere zones, particularly from Eurasia to Asia. Although diverse in ecology, Iris is predominantly found in dry, semi-desert, or colder rocky mountainous areas,[4] other habitats include grassy slopes, meadowlands and riverbanks.Cultivation[edit]Irises are extensively grown as ornamental plants in home and botanical gardens. Presby Memorial Iris Gardens in New Jersey, for example, is a living iris museum with over 10,000 plants, while in Europe the most famous iris garden is arguably the Giardino dell'Iris in Florence (Italy) which every year hosts one of the most famous iris breeders' competitions in the world. Irises, especially the multitude of bearded types, feature regularly in shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. Irises grow in any good free garden soil, the smaller and more delicate species needing only the aid of turf ingredients, either peat or loam, to keep it light and open in texture. The earliest to bloom are species like I. junonia and I. reichenbachii, which flower as early as February and March (Northern Hemisphere), followed by the dwarf forms of I. pumila which blossom in Spring, followed in early Summer by most of the tall bearded varietis, such as the German Iris and its variety florentina, Sweet Iris, Hungarian Iris, Lemon-yellow Iris (I. flavescens), Iris sambucina, I. amoena, and their natural and horticultural hybrids such as those described under names like I. neglectaor I. squalens and best united under I. × lurida.Bearded rhizomatous irises[edit]'Amethyst Flame'. Note prominent "beard".Iris barbata elatior 'Barocco'The most commonly found garden iris is the bearded German Iris (I. germanica) and its numerous cultivars. Various wild forms and naturally occurring hybrids of the Sweet iris (I. pallida) and the Hungarian iris (I. variegata) form the basis of almost all modern hybrid bearded irises. Median forms of bearded iris (intermediate bearded, or IB; miniature tall bearded, or MTB; etc.) are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf varieties.The bearded irises are easy to cultivate and propagate, and have become very popular in gardens. A small selection is usually held by garden centres at appropriate times during the season, but there are thousands of cultivars available from specialist suppliers. They are best planted as bare root plants in late summer, in a sunny open position with the rhizome visible on the surface of the soil and facing the sun. They should be divided in summer every two or three years, when the clumps become congested.A truly red bearded iris, like a truly blue rose, remains an unattained goal despite frequent hybridizing and selection. There are species and selections, most notably based on the beardless rhizomatous Copper iris (I. fulva), which have a relatively pure red color. However, getting this color into a modern bearded iris breed has proven very difficult, and thus, the vast majority of irises are in the purple and blue range of the color spectrum, with yellow, pink, orange and white breeds also available.The following is a selection of bearded irises which have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-'Alizes'[5] (tall bearded, blue & white)'Bumblebee Deelite'[6] (miniature tall bearded, yellow/purple)'Early Light'[7] (tall bearded, pale yellow)'Jane Phillips'[8] (tall bearded, pale blue)'Langport Wren'[9] (intermediate bearded, maroon)'Maui Moonlight'[10] (intermediate bearded, pale yellow)'Orinoco Flow'[11] (border bearded, white/violet)'Raspberry Blush'[12] (intermediate bearded, pink)'Sarah Taylor'[13] (dwarf bearded, pale yellow)'Thornbird'[14] (tall bearded, pale yellow)'Titan's Glory'[15] (tall bearded, deep blue)Oncocyclus section[edit]This section contains the cushion irises or royal irises, a group of plants noted for their large, strongly marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Compared with other irises the cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle-shaped leaves and the flowers are usually borne singly on the stalks; they are often very dark and in some almost blackish. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered the roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturally.Regelia section[edit]This section, closely allied to the cushion irises, includes several garden hybrids with species in section Oncocyclus, known as Regelio-cyclus irises. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered.Beardless rhizomatous (subgenus Limniris) irises[edit]Beardless rhizomatous iris types commonly found in the garden are the Siberian iris (I. sibirica) and its hybrids, and the Japanese Iris (I. ensata) and its hybrids. "Japanese Iris" is also a catch-all term for the Japanese iris proper (hanashōbu), the Blood iris(I. sanguinea, ayame) and the Rabbitear iris (I. laevigata, kakitsubata). I. unguicularis is a late-winter-flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers blotched with yellow, produced from Winter to Spring. Yet another beardless rhizomatous iris popular in gardening is I. ruthenica, which has much the same requirements and characteristics as the tall bearded irises.Reticulate-bulbed (subgenus Hermodactyloides) irises[edit]Reticulate irises with their characteristic bulbs, including the yellow I. danfordiae, and the various blue-purple I. histrioides and I. reticulata, flower as early as February and March. These reticulate-bulbed irises are miniatures and popular spring bulbs, being one of the first to bloom in the garden. Many of the smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh cocos-fibre refuse.Aromatic rhizomes[edit]Bombay Sapphire gin contains flavoring derived from particular bearded iris species[which?]Rhizomes of the German Iris (I. germanica) and Sweet Iris (I. pallida) are traded as orris root and are used in perfume and medicine, though more common in ancient times than today. Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedativemedicines. The dried rhizomes are also given whole to babies to help in teething. Gin brands such as Bombay Sapphire and Magellan Ginuse orris root and sometimes iris flowers for flavor and color.For orris root production, iris rhizomes are harvested, dried, and aged for up to 5 years. In this time, the fats and oils inside the roots undergo degradation and oxidation, which produces many fragrant compounds that are valuable in perfumery. The scent is said to be similar to violets. The aged rhizomes are steam-distilled which produces a thick oily compound, known in the perfume industry as "iris butter" or orris oil.Iris rhizomes also contain notable amounts of terpenes, and organic acids such as ascorbic acid, myristic acid, tridecylenic acid and undecylenic acid. Iris rhizomes can be toxic. Larger blue flag (I. versicolor) and other species often grown in gardens and widely hybridized contain elevated amounts of the toxic glycoside iridin. These rhizomes can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or skin irritation, but poisonings are not normally fatal. Irises should only be used medicinally under professional guidance.Water purification[edit]Further information: Organisms_used_in_water_purificationFurther information: Treatment_pondFlowering Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) at a treatment pondIn water purification, Yellow Iris (I. pseudacorus) is used. The roots are usually planted in a substrate (e.g. lava-stone) in a reedbed-setup. The roots then improve water quality by consuming nutrient pollutants, such as from agricultural runoff.In art and symbolism[edit]An iris - species unspecified - is one of the state flowers of Tennessee. Tradition holds that the particular iris symbolizing Tennessee is a purple cultivar, to go alongside the wild-growing Purple Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata) which is the state's other floral emblem. Greeneville, Tennessee is home to the annual Iris Festival celebrating the Iris, local customs, and culture.[16]The artist George Gessert has specialised in breeding irises.[17]The artist Vincent van Goghpainted several famous pictures of irises.[18]Irises, 1889, by Vincent van GoghThe American artist, Joseph Mason - a great friend of John James Audubon - painted a precise image of what was then known as the Lousianna Flag or Copper Iris (Iris cuprea) to which Audubon subsequently added two Northern Paraula birds (parula americana) for inclusion as Plate 15 in his Birds of America.The artist Philip Hermogenes Calderon painted an iris in his 1856 work Broken Vows; he followed the principles of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. An ancient belief is that the iris serves as a warning to be heeded, as it was named for the messenger of Olympus. It also conveys images of lost love and silent grief, for young girls were led into the afterlife by Iris. Broken Vows was accompanied with poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow when it was first exhibited.[19]The fleur-de-lis, a stylized iris, first occurs in its modern use as the emblem of the House of Capet. The fleur-de-lis has been associated with France as Louis VII adopted it as a symbol in the 12th Century. The yellow fleur-de-lis reflects the Yellow Iris (I. pseudacorus), common in Western Europe. Contemporary uses can be seen in the Quebec flag and the logo of the New Orleans Saintsprofessional football team, and on the flag of Saint Louis, Missouri.The red fleur-de-lis in the coat-of-arms of Florence(Italy) descends from the white iris which is native to Florence and which grew even in its city walls. This white iris, displayed against a red background, became the symbol of Florence until the Medici family, to signal a change in political power, reversed the colors making the white one red and setting in motion a centuries-long breeding program to hybridize a red iris.Furthermore, the fleur-de-lis is the almost-universal symbol of Scouting and one of the symbols adopted by the sorority, Kappa Kappa Gamma.A stylized Yellow Iris is the symbol of Brussels, since historically, the important Saint Gaugericus Island was carpeted in them.[20] The iris symbol is now the sole feature on the flag of the Brussels-Capital Region.The provincial flower of Québec (Canada) is the Harlequin Blueflag (I. versicolor), called iris versicolorein French.

Does anybody ever respect the marriage vows?

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Brain Freeze, Goose Bumps, And Other Weird Stuff Your Body Does Without Asking. What are they?

How many petals on Iris flower?

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