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HDLC
Differences between HDLC and PPP are(1) HDLC is cisco proprietary while PPP is an open standard.(2) HDLC does not provide authentication while PPP provides authentication like PAP and CHAP.(3) HDLC does not support compression while PPP support compression.(4) HDLC supports synchronous networks only while PPP supports both synchronous and asynchronous networks.
Authentication
Acronym for Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. PPPoE relies on two widely accepted standards: PPP and Ethernet. PPPoE is a specification for connecting the users on an Ethernet to the Internet through a common broadband medium, such as a single DSL line, wireless device or cable modem. All the users over the Ethernet share a common connection, so the Ethernet principles supporting multiple users in a LAN combine with the principles of PPP, which apply to serial connections(source: webopedia.com)
The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet or the PPPOE is a network protocol for encapsulating PPP frames inside Ethernet frames. The PPPOE term is something used confusingly to refer to either a modem to router protocol and/or the DSL side of things.
pp chap
before LCP begins the link establishment process
I'm not sure what you mean. I haven't heard about such things. Probably you meant a router with bridging. If so, then it's a router which you can you use to cover more distance then with only one. (For brindgin you will need at least 2 routers.) You might have meant changing your modem from ppp to full bridging mode. This is generally when you have a router or wireless router connected between the modem and the PC. Normally a modem handles the IP addresses and authentication when you connect to the internet. If you put a router into the situation, then there can be conflicts between the modem and the router. So what can be done is the modem is put into bridging mode which means it doesn't do any of the authentication or IP addressing etc., instead it acts like a "bridge" between the router and the internet. The router does all the work.
PPP with CHAP
PPP with PAP
yes there is a way to direct fc3
You need to use a protocol that will translate serial protocol (your modem) to a packet based network. Protocols such as SLIP, PPP, PPTP are used for that purpose.