No, even computer controlled transmissions are not affected by disconnecting the cables other than having to re-learn the shift characteristics again. You may notice the shifts to be a little harsher until the computer relearns them in a few miles.
As long as you connect the jumper cables correctly and remove them as soon as the car with the dead battery starts, you will do no harm. Remember connect the positive cables first and the negative last. Disconnect negative first and positive last.
Remove all cables from the generator. Connect battery's + (plus) to the generator's A and then connect battery's - (minus) to the generator's F (field) for a second. Might give a small spark, but that doesn't hurt anybody.
It will not hurt it in the least.
No, they are just another type of input.
nope. you might have to clean the terminals to the battery with a wire brush, but it doesn't hurt the car at all.
No. Several Things Go Wrong With Speedometers. Cable Break, Plastic Gear In The Back Of Speedometer Housing, Or In The Housing Of The Transmission. But No It Will Not Hurt The Transmission.
Yes, it can get the battery wet and short circuit it.
Yes
NO
Yes if you get to big of tiers it will hurt the transmission
No. As long as it fits.
YES, battery acid isn't something that should touch your skin, ever.