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OSI model (Open System Interconnection) was developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the year 1984. It is nothing but an abstract 7-layered model that explains the working of various networks. It explains the changes that the data undergoes, when it passes through the network. This model defines the exact stages that a data must undergo when it travels from one device to another through a network. TCP
/IP
model is another such networking protocol, which is more advanced than the OSI model. The main difference between these two protocols is that the OSI model is older than the TCP
/IP
model and it does not support internet working. The OSI model diagram was developed to explain the working of various inter-computer
communications and was invented before the advent of the Internet. Scroll down and know more about the working of various layers in the diagram.
OSI Model General Diagram Explained
As you can see in the OSI reference diagram provided in this article, the model is made up of 7 layers, namely the application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and the physical layer. An easy way to remember the order of these layers is, "All people seem to need data processing", where the first letter of every word represents the respective OSI model layer. These seven layers can be divided into two sets as application set and transport set. The application set consists of application layer, presentation layer and session layer, while the transport set comprises the remaining layers. All these layers together work in synchronization for transmitting data from one computer to another. Given below is a brief information on functions of these layers.
Application Layer: The application layer is said to be the closest layer to the user. It is through this layer that a user can interact with the software application that will aid in the data transfer. The main functions of the application layer are identifying the user who wants to communicate, determine whether the data and networks sources are available and lastly synchronizing the communication between the two users. File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), etc., are some of the actual implementations of application layer.
Presentation Layer: The main function of presentation layer is to convert the data into a format that could be easily recognized by the application layers of other end users. Compression/decompression, conversion, encryption/decryption, coding/decoding, etc., are some of the tasks undertaken by this layer. Thus this layer converts the data obtained from the application layer into a format that can be easily identified by other network layers.
Session Layer: Session layer plays an important role in establishing, maintaining and terminating the connection between two users. This layer controls the communication between the source user and the destination user and also decides the time of communication. Any error report related to application layer, presentation layer and session layer, are provided by this layer.
Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for delivering the data or the messages between the two users. The first task that the transport layers carries is to divide the data in packets. This data is further re-assembled
at the side of the receiver user. The transport layer is also responsible for error free data transmission and it also guarantees that the data will be received in correct sequence at the receiver end. UDP, SPX, TCP, etc., are some of the protocols that operate on this layer.
Network Layer: The main function of the network layer is to provide switching technologies, routing technologies and transmitting data from one node to another. This layer creates logical paths for the data transmission, which are known as virtual circuits. Network layer is also responsible for handling errors, packet sequencing, controlling network congestion and addressing. Thus this layer is responsible for the setting up the required network for transferring data from one user to other.
Data Link Layer: Providing reliable transit of the data through a physical network, is one of the main functions of the data link layer. This layer decides the physical configuration of various devices. The data link layer is responsible for synchronization of various physical devices that will transmit the data. It makes sure that the frames are transferred in correct order and asks for retransmission in case of error. Basically, the data link layer is a layer that provides reliable transmission services to the network layer.
Physical Layer: As the name suggests, the physical layer is the layer that deals with the physical components of a network. It is responsible for activation, maintenance and deactivation of various physical links that act in data transmission. Electrical signals, voltage levels, data transmission rates, etc., are some of the major elements defined by the physical layer. It is also responsible for passing and receiving bytes from the physically connected medium.
OSI model is a conceptual model of seven different layers that helps you understand the working of a network in a simple and easy manner. I hope this explanation has cleared your queries.
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