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Legally, there's no limit on the number of hours a commercial aircraft can fly in a day so long as they don't hit a required maintenance interval in that time. What they limit is the amount of time the pilots can log.

For air carriers operating under part 121--scheduled airlines--any pilot may fly 1000 hours per calendar year, 100 hours per calendar month, 30 (domestic) or 32 (international, which the FAA calls "flag") per seven days, and there are rules for 24-hour operations. They also have regulations governing operations with more than one crew on the same plane--if you fly between the US and Australia, you'd have two captains and two first officers who would switch back and forth to fly the mission.

Air carriers operating under part 135--air taxi services and corporate flight departments--can work their pilots 1200 hours per year, 120 hours per month, 34 hours in seven days...if the aircraft has a two-pilot crew you can fly eight hours without a required rest period (meaning you can fly eight, sleep eight and fly again); single-pilot crews can only fly 8 hours per 24.

Pilots operating under FAR Part 105 (Parachute Operations) or Part 137 (Agricultural Aircraft Operations) don't have their duty hours limited. The FAA knows both operations are seasonal--no one dusts crops or skydives in December, for instance--but when they're flying, a pilot might need to fly sixteen hours a day to get his job done.

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Q: For how long can a commercial aircraft fly over a 24 hour period before it legally has to be grounded?
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