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It is a subordinating conjunction introducing the dependent clause. The sentence is a complex sentence made up of an independent clause followed by a dependent clause.
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. There are two main types of clauses: independent (can stand alone as a sentence) and dependent (cannot stand alone as a sentence). Clauses can be combined to form complex sentences, with dependent clauses adding more information to independent clauses.
In this sentence, "because" is a subordinating conjunction that introduces a dependent clause explaining the reason for receiving a tardy slip.
"Because" is a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect an independent clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause.
A preposition is a part of speech used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. It typically indicates location, direction, time, or the relationship between nouns or pronouns.
"light" is a noun. "as you drew near the light" is not a sentence, though. It's a dependent clause.
A subordinate clause is a clause that can not stand alone as a complete sentence, because it does not express a complete thought
"If" is a subordinating conjunction when it is placed at the beginning of a sentence. It introduces a subordinate clause in the sentence.
An adjective or a pronoun, depending on sentence structure.
In "he said that he was tired," the word 'that' is a subordinating conjunction that introduces a noun clause ('that he was tired'). It functions as a connector between the main clause ("he said") and the subordinate clause ("he was tired").
The term 'again sending the missing courier' is an adverbial clause, a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. Note: the part of speech is difficult to determine without the whole sentence to put it in context, especially since the words don't make sense. The rest of the sentence could tell how someone who is missing could then be sent somewhere.
A sentence fragment is a an incomplete sentence standing on its own as a complete utterance. They are very common in speech: "Where did you go yesterday?" "To the movies." "Which one?" "Up." "Good?" "Yeah, really." All but the first of those is a sentence fragment. A dependent clause is a part of a larger sentence; it cannot stand on its own because then it would be a fragment. But since it is part of a larger, complete sentence, it is not. Note that fragments are often less than clauses - they can be single words, or prepositional phrases.