There are a few ways one can measure battery voltage. One would be to take it to an auto store like Auto Zone or Advance Auto Parts where they usually have battery voltage meters. If one would like to do it on their own, they would need to purchase a volt meter to test the battery life and to see if any cells are dead.
get a multi meter that reads dc voltage & touch the black (negative -) wire to the negative battery post & the red (positive +) wire to the positive battery post with car running. car off is battery voltage, car on is alternator voltage.
It's all relative. A battery has internal resistance. Batteries are not "ideal" voltage sources. If there is a "heavy" load on the battery (low resistance), the voltage you measure on the outside of the battery will be lower. A car battery is normally thought of as a 12 volt battery. When there is no load (disconnected) you can often measure in excess of 13 volts if it's fully charged. During normal cranking of the engine, the voltage can drop below 11 volts.
when cranking the engine the battery voltage should not fall below 9.6volts if so replace battery
Yes, if your car battery is the same voltage as the ATV battery.
yes
Larger.
12-14v
12.6 volts
Yes
Voltage is a measure of electric 'push'. When there's nothing to push (no circuit) it has no meaning, but that isn't to say it isn't there. Just the same as if you push a car. Take the car away and your push goes away. (or does it?)
Sure, if the alternator voltage regulator is defective it can overcharge the battery.
The number of cells in a battery determine the battery's voltage. Different types of batteries have different cell voltages. The cell voltage is dependant on the reactive metals used. A typical car battery will have six cells. Because a typical cell voltage has a source voltage of approximately 2.0 volts, this makes a car battery produce a voltage of 12 volts.