Galaxies are a whole lot bigger than planets. And astronomical pictures (x-rays, visible light, etc,) don't reveal much about individual stars, much less planets, within them. Astronomers have become very good at figuring out quite a bit about the Universe from pretty scant data.
because the universe is expanding.
This can be seen from the redshift of distant galaxies - normally attributed to the Doppler effect.
Yes; it is expanding right now, as can be seen in the redshift of distant galaxies.
Mainly that galaxies that are very far away (i.e., from the distant past) look different to galaxies that are near-by (from the more recent past).
Because the universe as a whole is expanding, distant galaxies are moving away from us. As a result, electromagnetic waves emitted by those galaxies experience what is known as a red shift. Their wavelengths get longer.
This should be because of the fact that the Universe is expanding. You see a blueshift when objects move closer to you. Other than super distant galaxies, most galaxies will not measure to be a blueshift due to the fact that the Universe is expanding and accelerating.
This should be because of the fact that the Universe is expanding. You see a blueshift when objects move closer to you. Other than super distant galaxies, most galaxies will not measure to be a blueshift due to the fact that the Universe is expanding and accelerating.
Astronomers conclude that the universe is expanding, because wavelengths are increasing.
Briefly, the Steady State theory assumes that the Universe looked the same in the past as it does now. Observations of distant galaxies showed that this is not the case - distant galaxies are quite different to the ones that are closer by. Note that if you look at distant galaxies, you are observing the past of the Universe, because of the time it takes light to get here. That evidence played a part, but it was the detection of the "cosmic microwave background radiation". That was what convinced most astronomers that the Big Bang Theory was correct.
Stars
The "nucleus".
The redshift of distant galaxies, and the fact that the degree of redshift depends on the distance between us and those galaxies. What we observe can only be explained by Hubble Expansion.