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Wikipedia tells us the following:

Catholicism in Australia began with the Irish convicts and the priests who ministered to them and to later free Irish settlers. William Bernard Ullathorne (1806-1889) was instrumental in influencing Pope Gregory XVI to establish the hierarchy in Australia. Ullathorne was in Australia from 1833-1836 as vicar-general to Bishop William Morris (1794-1872), whose jurisdiction extended over the Australian missions.

The Catholic Australia website tells us more. The first Catholics arrived in Australia in 1788. Fr James Dixon was one of the first priests to arrive in 1800, but he eventually left. In 1820 Fr John Therry and Fr Philip Connolly arrived, and this is considered to be the formal beginnings for Catholicism in Australia. Archbishop John Bede Polding was appointed as the first bishop in Australia in 1832.

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Q: How did the Catholic religion start in Australia in the 1820s?
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