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The empires in the Middle East and North Africa in the late 1700s and early 1800s were centuries behind the Europeans in military technology. Early machine-guns called "Gatling Guns" would mow down thousands of musket-wielding Arabs. Each "battle" between the Europeans and the Arabs would be a massacre and so, many Arab states conceded defeat, like Egypt.

Other parts of the Middle East, like the Levant or Mesopotamia, were under Ottoman control and were acquired by the British and the French as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.

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Q: How did the empires of the Middle East fall to Europeans?
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