There are differences in customs and language. Historically, most Ashkenazic communities spoke Yiddish (a Germanic language with lots of Hebrew loan words) while most Sephardic communities spoke Ladino (a Hispanic language with lots of Hebrew loan words). The Ashkenazic and Sephardic liturgies differ in a number of relatively small ways, an added paragraph here, a different word there. There are different musical traditions, not only for chanting the Torah but for liturgical chant and hymn melodies. And there are differences in food traditions, most notably, a layer of food prohibitions that the Ashkenazic community layered onto Passover forbidding things like rice and lentils that are perfectly acceptable in Sephardic communities. Neither community ever viewed the other as an illegitimate expression of Judaism, although both communities have, at times, looked down on the other as being very foreign. There has always been significant interchange between the Sephardic and Ashkenazic communities. Consider, for example, the fact that the dominant liturgy of the Hassidic Jewish world today is called Minhag Sepharad and that this liturgy is really a 16th century hybrid of Sephardic and Ashkenazic elements that was assembled in Sefat, Galilee, then part of Ottoman Palestine.
The main difference between Ashkenazim and Sephardim is their historical origins and cultural traditions. Ashkenazim are Jews of Eastern European descent, while Sephardim are Jews of Spanish and Portuguese descent. These different backgrounds have influenced their religious practices, language, and culinary traditions.
It is outright prohibited for Ashkenazim (since rice is not permitted). However, it is usually prohibited for Sephardim and Mizrahim as well since Rice-based cereals usually contain other grains in addition to the rice (such as barley, wheat, sorghum, or millet). It is these other grains that would make it prohibited for Sephardim and Mizrahim.
The Western Jews (Ashkenazim), and those of the East (Sephardim).
Garbanzo beans and their products are considered kitnyot. All kitnyot are prohibited by Ashkenazim on Passover, but permitted by Sephardim and Mizrahim.
Cornmeal -for Sephardim yes, for Ashkenazim no. Grits - If you're asking about grits made from corn (such as hominy), then these too are okay for Sephardi Jews only.
Most Jews are Ashkenazim, Jews historically from Europe. (Israel is split roughly 50/50 between Ashkenazim and Sephardim, but the remaining global community is predominantly Ashkenazi.) However, most Jews are Semites, not Caucasoids as Europeans are.
It's impossible to put a date on it. In any case, no later than the early medieval period (9th-10th century CE).
For Ashkenazim: no, because they have a custom of abstaining from legumes, peas, seeds, rice (etc.) on Passover. For Sephardim: yes, if the label has a certification of being kosher for Passover.
As shown by DNA studies, all Jewish communities come from the Middle East originally. Later, during the Middle Ages the Sephardim were the Jewish communities in the Mediterranean area (Spain, North Africa) and points east of it, while the Ashkenazim were to the north in France, Germany, Russia and Eastern Europe. This variety of locales has led to some differences in customs, but not in the Torah-laws themselves.See also:Why_did_the_Diaspora_begin
You should read Hudson's book or google it. But basically they are denominations of the Jewish faith.Differences between Sephardic (Spanish/Middle Eastern) and Ashkenazic (German/Eastern European).
They differed because they were separated by many miles, mountain ranges and seas. The center of the Ashkenazic community 1000 years ago was the Rhineland, and starting with the persecution during the Crusades, it shifted gradually east into Poland and Russia. The center of the Sephardic community was Spain, and after 1492, Sephardic refugees settled across North Africa all the way into the Ottoman Empire and up the Adriatic Sea to Venice. There was always a trickle of communication between these communities, but never enough to prevent cultural or linguistic divergence. They pronounced Hebrew differently, developed different liturgical styles, and different folk customs.
Ashkenazim in Hebrew means Germany Mizrahi in Hebrew means Eastern (Middle Eastern) Sephardim in Hebrew means Spain When the Jewish people were exiled from Israel in the year 70 they were scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Jews from the Roman Empire moved towards modern day Germany (Ashkenaz) throughout the years some of the Jews living in Germany moved in to other nearby countries, such as modern day France, Poland, Russia. Ashkenazim Jews have their own language, Yiddish. In the Soviet Union there were 4 Jewish communities (Russians, Georgians, Bukharians, and Mountains) only the Russian Jews are considered Ashkenazim. So simple answer Yes Jews from Russia are Ashkenazim