I'd recommend you go to a truck driving school, even if you already have a CDL. If you try going about this without any actual training, you're likely to destroy that transmission.
I want to see the shift patterns
It shifts itself.
My truck has a Fuller UltraShift automatic-shift transmission. I decide whether I want to go forward or backward. I step on the brake pedal and press the button that corresponds to the way I want to go, and the transmission shifts itself. There's a button on the shift console for "manual" and if pressed, you use up and down keys to shift. If you do this, it's just like shifting a fully manual transmission except you don't have to shift the rear end yourself and there's no clutch. My truck has had six drivers including myself and none of us have ever pushed the manual button.
Yes, there's a transmission filter.
It's a 10 speed unsynchronised transmission which only incorporates five major shift motions. It works in a similar fashion to the top side of a 15 speed, except you must shift progressively through all the gears.
No, 10 speed does not convert over. You would need to get a truck with either a 13 speed, or a 9C transmission (which is convertible).
The words "Super 10" refer to the Eaton 10 speed heavy duty manual transmission.
The Eaton-Fuller and Rockwell websites should have them. Google images will be able to find images, as well.. you just put in "8LL shift diagram", "9 speed shift diagram", "10 speed shift diagram", etc.
If I'm not mistaken, it appears that your truck is a "manual transmission"? There would be no indicator light - you shift into first gear, and then as you approve about 10 or 15 mph you would shift to second. I recommend the "learning manual transmission for dummies" - actually a very well written instruction book on learning how to shift.
yes
Sounds like the speed sensor is bad.
There probably isn't one. An autoshift is more the same as a manual 10 speed, with the only difference being an additional computer, and that the shift function and clutch are automated.