A case can get into federal court in several ways:
1) there is a federal question being adjudicated. ie A crime or a suit involving federal legislation. For instance probate and family laws are exclusively state laws so no federal court. However a suit based on the Social Security Act would.
2) There is a law suit between citizens of different states and the amount in controversy is above a certain amount.
These are the most common ways to get into federal court.
If you break a federal law (a law that is set by US Statutes and NOT by state statute) your case will be heard in Federal Court.
US Court of Federal Claims would hear those cases.
The intermediate appellate court is the US Court of Appeals Circuit Court that has jurisdiction over the US District Court where the case was tried.For example, a federal felony case in New York City would start in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York and could later be appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, the intermediate appellate court with jurisdiction over that District.
If a state court declares a state law unconstitutional, the state will probably appeal the case to the state supreme court. If a state court declares a federal law unconstitutional, the losing party in the case will appeal the decision in the federal courts. The case could ultimately be heard by the US Supreme Court; however, if a lower court reverses the state court's decision and either the appropriate US Court of Appeals Circuit Court or US Supreme Court decline to consider the case, the decision of the lower federal court would be final. The US Supreme Court is the ultimate arbiter of constitutionality.
When a case is remanded it goes back to the court where it was originally tried. In the federal court system, that would usually be a US District Court.
That depends on the case. Often, the state supreme court is the end of the road for a case, making the decision of the state supreme court final and binding. Sometimes cases involved federal questions (issues arising under the US Constitution or federal law) that allow them to be appealed to the US Supreme Court. If the US Supreme Court hears such a case, it may affirm or overturn the state supreme court decision.
The answer depends on whether the case was tried in the state or federal court system, but under both systems the case is appeal to an intermediate appellate court. In the federal judiciary, most cases are first appealed to the US Court of Appeals Circuit Court with jurisdiction over the trial court that originally heard the case. Under certain circumstances, a case may be appealed directly from a US District Court (trial court) to the US Supreme Court, but this is rare.
The Supreme Court is the highest of the federal courts. Cases from the court of appeals in each circuit and from the state supreme courts can be appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court can "reach down" to the lower courts and hear that case, or, it can hear a case on appeal from the lower federal courts or highest state courts, at the Supreme Court's discretion.
The US Court of Federal Claims. It is located in Wasshington DC.
You can appeal a case to the US Court of Appeals Circuit Court for the appropriate circuit following a trial in US District Court. Both courts are part of the federal Judiciary Branch.
Gideon v. Wainwright
The appropriate Court of Appeals ( ie: US District Court of Appeals)