It depends on the missing ingredient. Missing sugar will leave the cookie bland. Missing egg will result in a very crumbly cookie. Missing Chocolate Chips will result in a sugar cookie. See?
That would depend on what the ingredient was.
The cookie will be bland.
It changes the taste and texture of the cookie. Without Sugar the cookie is not sweet.
Omitting an ingredient affects the taste of cookies because of how important every ingredient is to the recipe. The cookies would be bland and tough if the sugar is omitted. The cookies would also be like crackers or chips if the butter is omitted.
The vanilla might slightly affect the taste, but the baking soda and salt will affect the outcome of the cookies.
Taste at least, but baking is basically chemistry, if you don't add in the essential ingredients, or add them in at the wrong time, or using the wrong method, it will have a variety of effects on the composition of the cookie itself. For example, no flour would mean it would just be butter, eggs, and sugar. That would be a disgusting burnt mess in the oven.
You would get the data by making up a batch of cookies, baking some of them, and seeing if they taste the same as the unbaked ones (careful with this; if the dough contains raw egg, it could make you sick). The conclusions and results would come from your observations about the taste of the cookies.
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yes
I believe that it depends upon the ingerdient. Something as small as brown sugar won't make much of a difference in size but the taste of the cookie will change. Your best bet is to use a substitute ingredient or go to your neighbors and ask for whatever it is that you are missing.
Opinions will always vary, as there is no accounting for taste.
use sugar and vinegar
Yes, it does affect the taste of the cookie. With the sugar being a flavor of vanilla, it would make the cookie have a hint of vanilla taste to it. I would expect it to taste quite well, actually.