How does the computer works?

Answer 1

A computer uses a processor to execute instructions read from ram to move data, do some simple math operations (+,-,*,/), and jump to different instructions, depending on what the data is. A computer can move the data to the monitor, the hard drive or even out into the internet. A computer also reads data from devices, such as a hard drive, mouse, keyboard, and websites on the internet.

Answer 2

I cannot answer that on this site, the computer is the most complicated machine that man has ever made (the next being the pipe organ). The reason I can't explain it properly here is I studied them in High School, throughout a BS degree in college, and spent 30 years working on them in my career in Military Avionics. Throughout that entire period there was always more to learn about "how computers work" than there was time to learn it in, they just change and improve way too fast.

However to give you a far too oversimplified answer: computers run long lists of machine instructions (I would say one at a time in sequence, but that has not been true for some years as most modern computers use special methods to run several simultaneously while making it look like they ran in sequence) called programs or applications. These machine instructions can tell the computer to do different things: arithmetic, logic, data reformating, instruction flow control, input/output, etc. Someone has to write and debug these long lists (often many millions of instructions), which is very tedious. Generally now few write the lists themselves, but instead write in a HOL (High Order Language, military language for HLL - High Level Language) and use a compiler to translate the HOL statements into series of machine language instructions, which are then combined to make the complete list comprising the program or application. Different types of computers do this different ways, you would have to read the Programmers Manual for your specific processor implementation(s) which is usually 300 to 500 pages long each to learn how they work at the machine level and the Architecture Manual for your family/series of computers which is usually several thousands of pages long to understand compatibility rules, etc. between processors.