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It depends on the dose. It is an extreme poison. Death could be within minutes with some doses, or a few hours in other doses and individuals.
There are treatments that can help mitigate the symptoms and lessen further damage in low dose exposure, but there is no true antidote or way to reverse damage done before the treatment could take effect. Emergency kits (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate) are available for First Aid by first responders in industrial use settings for this critical first aid treatment, but emergency medical treatment by physicians is essential for any chance of survival.
Fresh air and oxygen need to be provided as a first step, then call 911/Emergency if only one first responder is available.
Important Note: The following excerpt containing additional information for medical professionals* is provided to demonstrate the hazards of this poison and is not intended to be used for directions in emergency medical situations. The information comes from a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prepared by a chemical manufacturer of cyanide for industrial use, Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. It is applicable to the product in solid form. The MSDS was prepared according to the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) legislation of the Canadian Department of Justice at the time of its release.** See the full MSDS in the related link below.
Note to Physician:
If patient does not respond to amyl nitrite, inject intravenously with 10mL of a 3% solution of sodium nitrite at a rate of not more than 2.5 to 5 mL per minute.Once nitrite administration is complete, follow directly with 50 mL of a 25% solution of sodium thiosulfate at the same rate by the same route. Give victim oxygen and keep under observation. If exposure was severe, watch victim for 24-48 hours. If signs of cyanide poisoning persist or reappear, repeat nitrite and thiosulfate injections 1 hour later in 1/2 the original doses. Cyanocabalamin (B12), 1 mg intramuscularly, may speed recovery. Moderate cyanide exposures need be treated only by supportive measures such as bed rest and oxygen.
*Disclaimer: Prepared in good faith by the manufacturer, and may not be the most current information. The manufacturer makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy.
**MSDS Number: P5708, Effective Date: 09/01/09
See also related link below.
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