0
How many protons are pumped out of the matrix when 2 electrons flow through the ETC complex?
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
14 i think
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
For every pair of electrons that flow through the electron transport chain (ETC) complex, it results in the pumping of 2 protons out of the matrix. This proton pumping contributes to the establishment of an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is utilized to generate ATP through ATP synthase.
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
What happens to electrons as they are transported along the the electron transport chain?
The electrons are transported through a series of carrier proteins via simultaneous oxidation-reduction reactions. The carriers harvest energy from these electrons to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the electrons reach the very end of the chain i.e. complex 4, they are transferred to Oxygen atoms to form O2- ions. O2- ions then combine with H+ ions in the mitochondrial matrix to form H2O.
What type of bond as electrons in a matrix of positively charged atoms?
metallic
What are the two steps in the electron transport chain producing NAPDH.?
complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, also called NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.5.3) removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2) is free to diffuse within the membrane. At the same time, Complex I moves four protons (H+) across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of main sites of production of a harmful free radical called superoxide.The pathway of electrons occurs as follows:NADH is oxidized to NAD+, reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. The next electron carrier is a Fe-S cluster, which can only accept one electron at a time to reduce the ferric ion into a ferrous ion. In a convenient manner, FMNH2 can be oxidized in only two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. The electron thus travels from the FMNH2 to the Fe-S cluster, then from the Fe-S cluster to the oxidized Q to give the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q. This happens again to reduce the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.5.1) is not a proton pump. It serves to funnel additional electrons into the quinone pool (Q) by removing electrons from succinate and transferring them (via FAD) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: SDHA,SDHB,SDHC, and SDHD. Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also funnel electrons into Q (via FAD), again without producing a proton gradient.Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; EC 1.10.2.2) removes in a stepwise fashion two electrons from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transfers them to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons are sequentially passed across the protein to the Qi site where quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed because it takes 2 quinol (4H+4e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total 6 protons: 2 protons reduce quinone to quinol and 4 protons are released from 2 ubiquinol). The bc1 complex does NOT 'pump' protons, it helps build the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons.When electron transfer is hindered (by a high membrane potential, point mutations or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to oxygen resulting in the formation of superoxide, a highly-toxic species, which is thought to contribute to the pathology of a number of diseases, including aging.Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1) removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water (H2O). At the same time, it moves four protons across the membrane, producing a proton gradient.
Why are metals good conductor of thermal energy?
Because of the way they are bonded chemically. Metallic bonds have free-moving electrons and form a crystalline structure, helping transfer of the thermal energy.
Why is manganese used for austenite stabilization in stainless steel production?
Let's keep it simple. Carbon in iron makes steel. And the trick is to keep the carbon, what little bit there is, inside the matallic matrix when the alloy cools. Cool it too slow and the carbon "falls out" and the matrix lacks the strength it needs. Cool it too fast and the matrix incorporates "discontinuities" and is hard and brittle. By incorporating manganese, it helps keep the carbon in the crystal matrix and it stabilizes the matrix so that it can maintain its shape (chemical crystal structure) through cooling and then again through heat treating and/or machining processes.
What happens with FADH2 donates its electrons to the electron transport chain and what are the final products?
Complex II is reduced and FADH2 is oxidized becoming FAD, the electrons continue down the electron transport chain providing the power to pump protons into the intermembrane space ( not as many protons as NADH because of the short delivery of FADH2 electrons to complex II ) where they fall down their concentration gradient through the synthase. Our electrons exit complex IV into the matrix where oxygen picks up two electrons and two protons forming water. 2H + 1/2O2 --> H2O.
What protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane allows protons to return to the matrix?
nah? kosa gane el answer?
How is water produced during cell respiration?
It's the final steps of intermediary metabolism. Electrons transport protons into the intermembranous space of the mitochondria then move back into the matrix and wait. The protons they placed into the space between the membranes then surge through special passages in the inner membrane and back into the mitochondrial matrix, producing ATP in the process. There they rejoin the electrons and link up with incoming oxygen thus forming metabolic water.
Do mitochondria release energy?
The mitochondria has 3 proton pumps (intramembranous proteins) situated in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This membrane is between the matrix and the intermembranous space. By the help of electrons passing through the pumps, donated by NADH and FADH2, protons can be pumped to the interstitial space of the two membranes. This will increase the electrochemical gradient of protons between that space and the matrix. This electrochemical gradient created, will force protons to pass through an additional protein called ATPase. This ATPase will procure the kinetic energy produced by the movement of protons through its channel and use it to make ATP. ATP is a high energy molecule used by the body later as "batteries". In other words the Mitochondria doesn't release energy, it packages it for the rest of the body.
How would the loss of protons affect the production of ATP in aerobic respiration?
as protons move through ATP synthase, down their concentration and charge gradients, and back into the mitochondrial matrix, ATP is produced
Does pyruvate oxidation occur in the cytoplasm?
Pyruvate is broken down oxidized to CO2 in the mitochondria. The oxidation of pyruvate also reduces coenzymes NADH and FADH2. The electrons from these coenzymes are fed through the electron transport chain and eventually end up on oxygen creating water. The transport of electrons through the ETC pumps protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space. This creates a proton gradient that forces protons back through an integral membrane protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane called ATP Synthase. The rotation of ATP Synthase creates ATP from ADP and Pi.
What is harmitian matrix?
Hermitian matrix (please note spelling): a square matrix with complex elements that is equal to its conjugate transpose.
What are complex matrices?
A complex number has an imaginary component and is of the form a + bi. (And i is the square root of -1 in this application.)A matrix is a table of numbers. For example, we might give the current (x,y,z) coordinates of a dozen asteroids using a 12 * 3 matrix.A complex matrix is a matrix of complex numbers.
What is the most complex form of organizational structure?
matrix
In which organelle is ATP synthesized or made?
AtTP is synthesized and made in the mitochondrial matrix because that is where the citric acid cycle produces the electrons that travel from one protein complex to the next in the inner membrane.
Can a Hermitian Matrix possess Complex Eigenvectors?
Yes. Simple example: a=(1 i) (-i 1) The eigenvalues of the Hermitean matrix a are 0 and 2 and the corresponding eigenvectors are (i -1) and (i 1). A Hermitean matrix always has real eigenvalues, but it can have complex eigenvectors.
The electron transport process makes water and ATP and is sometimes called?
To understand this, you have to realize some things about mitochondria - 1) its inner membrane is not permeable for H+(protons). 2) the system is set up like that ATPase (the ATP-producing enzyme) is located in inner mitochondrial membrane and it produces ATP by protons flowing through it from intermembrane space of mitochondria (outside the inner membrane, NOT in mitochondrial matrix) to matrix. To do that, there has to be high amount of protons in intermembrane space; then, the protons flow through the ATPase to mitochondrial matrix by themselves, simply by their concentration gradient.Now, logically, without nothing, the concentration gradient of the protons would deplete itself through the ATPase in very quickly. That is where the electron transport chain comes in - the electron transport chain basically uses up the energy of electrons taken from food, = reduced NAD+, the NADH. Each NADH carries an electron (or it is two electrons, not sure here) and gives it to the electron transport chain. And in the chain, an energy of the electron is withdrawn and used for pumping of protons to the intermembrane space. Energy of each electron going through the electron transport chain provides for pumping of 10 protons together. For imagination, this is enough for an ATPase to produce about 3 molecules of ATP.
