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How many protons are pushed through the membrane for NAD and FAD and why are they different amounts?
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What is the effect of the flow of protons through the inner mitochondrial membrane?
energy is provided to make ATP
Where does respiration happen in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes?
In eukaryotes respiration happens in the mitochondria and in prokaryotes the mechanisms of respiration are in the cell membrane as protons must be taken in through the membrane.
Could a plant cell produce ATP through chemiosmosis if the thylakoid membrane was leaky with regards to protons?
Yes
Which accumulates in the inter membrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport?
During electron transport in the mitochondrion, protons (H+) accumulate in the intermembrane space. This happens as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient of protons is later utilized by ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
How does the mitochondrial membrane generate and maintain a H positive gradient?
The passing of the electrons through the membrane complexes allows the protons to leave the cell, then reenters through ATP synthase to fuse with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen ions and the electrons come from NADH and FADH2, which are generated during glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
When there are different amounts of a substance on either side of the cell membrane is a what gradient results?
When there are different amounts of a substance on either side of the cell membrane the gradient result is called the concentration gradient. The permeability of the cell membrane will determine which substances can easily pass through the cell causing a change to the concentration gradient.
Why aren't protons able to diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Its going against their gradient
What is the effect of the flow of protons through the inner mitochondrial membrane?
energy is provided to make ATP
H ions move through channels of what in the inner membrane?
H plus ions move through channels of the ATP synthase in the inner membrane. It is a type of enzyme that allows protons to move through the mitochondrial membrane.
Where does respiration happen in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes?
In eukaryotes respiration happens in the mitochondria and in prokaryotes the mechanisms of respiration are in the cell membrane as protons must be taken in through the membrane.
Could a plant cell produce ATP through chemiosmosis if the thylakoid membrane was leaky with regards to protons?
Yes
Which accumulates in the inter membrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport?
During electron transport in the mitochondrion, protons (H+) accumulate in the intermembrane space. This happens as electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient of protons is later utilized by ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Why would a battery represent mitochrondia?
Pumping protons through the mitochondrian membrane creates a gradient, just like in batteries, where electrons get transferred to different molecules and eventually ending up in ATP. It would be a representation because the membrane charges up (one side is positive and the other, negative) just like in a battery.
Where in the mitochondrion do protons accumulate?
In the outer lumen and they are stripped from the derivatives of glucose along with electrons used in electron transport. Protons are moved across the inner membrane of the mitochondria by the action of electrons moving down the electron chain where the final acceptor is oxygen. The protons build up a concentration and move back down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase and produce said ATP.
What event contributes directly to the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
the flow of electrons through electron transport chain II
What is an antiporter?
An antiporter is a cell protein which acts within an antiport to transport different molecules or ions across the membrane in opposite directions.
What is the of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?
The pigment molecules and electron transport chains involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are embedded in the thylakoid membrane. As energy is released from electrons traveling through the chain of acceptors, it is used to pump protons (that is, H+ ions) from the stroma of the chloroplast across the thylakoid membrane and into the center of the thylakoid. Thus, protons accumlate within the thylakoids, lowering the pH of the thylakoid interior and making it more acidic. A proton gradient possesses potential energy that can be used to form ATP.Protons are prevented from diffusing out of the thylakoid because the thylakoid membrane is impermeable to protons except at certain points bridged by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This protein extends across the thylakoid membrane and forms a channel through which protons can leave the thylakoid. As the protons pass through ATP synthetase, energy is released, and this energy is tapped by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The coupling of ATP synthesis to a protein gradient formed by energy released during electron transport is called chemiosmosis.
