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The Colossus computers built by the British in WW2 to break German teletype cyphers were built with vacuum tubes as transistors did not exist at the time.
- Colossus Mark 1 contained about 1400 tubes, with 1 processing unit it analyzed messages at a rate of 5000 characters per second, only the one prototype machine was built
- Colossus Mark 2 contained about 2400 tubes, with 5 processing units running in parallel it analyzed messages at a rate of 25000 characters per second, 10 machines were built
A typical run of a message on Colossus Mark 2 took about 15 minutes to crack the key for the last 2 bits, another 15 minutes to crack the key for the first 2 bits knowing the key for the last 2, another 15 minutes to crack the key for the remaining middle bit knowing the key for the other 4 bits. Including setup times this was probably just over an hour per message. The message and this key were put on another machine to partially decrypt the message. The partially decrypted message was then analyzed by another group by hand to get the remaining part of the key. After this was finished, the message and both parts of the key were put on another machine, which printed out the fully decrypted german message... which then had to be translated, etc.
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What is the composition of RAM in terms of transistors and capacitors?
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Is there another use for semiconductors other than to conduct electricity?
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How many pn junction does transistor contain?
Two, either in NPN or PNP transistors
How did colossus work without transistors?
There were vacuum tubes before transistors
Why did the colossus need valves?
Because - when Colossus was built (in 1943), microchips had yet to be invented ! Microchips replaced valves and transistors in newer computers.
How many pages does The Fall of Colossus have?
The Fall of Colossus has 186 pages.
How many pages does The Colossus Crisis have?
The Colossus Crisis has 304 pages.
How many gs does Dhaka colossus have?
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What replaced vacuum tubes in the computer?
Integrated circuits (in many microprocessor integrated circuits) containing many billions of transistors each.
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758 Million transistors.
How do you get in The Colosses in wizard101?
There are many colossus in wizard101. AKA sand colossus, magma colossus, etc, etc. There is a colossus boulevard to you have to finish all three streets in Olde Town
How many transistors are in an AND gate?
6
How many loops does the colossus have?
None ha
How many transistors on an integrated circuit?
ICs have been built with as few as two to as many as hundreds of billions of transistors. I believe the first germanium prototype IC built by Kilby may have had only one transistor (it was an integrated circuit not for having many transistors, but because it integrated both resistors and transistors into a single germanium crystal).
How many transistors in LCD?
millions and more
