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Grazing animals are basically walking and breathing seeders. They eat seeds from plants as they graze, and these seeds pass through their digestive system into their feces. Generally it takes anywhere from 24 to 36 hours for a seed to pass throw a ruminant animal. Once deposited in the feces, they either stay there and get worked into the ground by decomposers that go in to the feces and break them down into the soil, and/or get trampled in by the "hoof action" of the animal. (The latter most likely happens with bison and cattle, because they make large pats that are more easily stepped in than the little solid droppings made by elk, sheep, goats, and deer.) The manure already gives the seed enough nutrient to use (as well as other plants already existing in the area), so all that's needed is heat and moisture to germinate and begin growth. This is how seeds from one area can be moved to another area and become established, thanks to the movements of grazing herbivores.

Grass seeds are less likely to survive the microbial activity and gastric juices of the ruminant's gastro-intestinal tract than harder-coated seeds like with most legumes (alfalfa, cicer milkvetch, or sainfoin, just to name a few) and other broad-leaved plants (forbs), but there is a chance that grass seeds can be established in the manure of grazing animals like bison, elk, cattle, sheep, and even goats and deer (let's not forget passing birds either).

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Q: How will grazing animals help plants become established?
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