No!
All necessary information can be found on the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services website, http://www.uscis.gov
Yes they retain citizenship.
It is possible for a U.S. citizen to marry an illegal immigrant if the immigrant has valid identification. However, marrying a citizen does not automatically confer permanent resident status or citizenship and is not a guarantee that the person will not face deportation. Such situations are assessed by the USCIS on an individual basis, for more information visit the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services website at http://www.uscis.gov
No. In the US adults regardless of their citizen status cannot be adopted. A legal immigrant can be sponsored by a US citizen for permanent residency and citizenship.
Very much the same as any immigrant wishing to obtain permanent resident or citizenship status. Please visit the United States Citizenship And Immigration Services website for information pertaining to personal circumstances. http://www.uscis.gov
Check with the JAG(Judge Advocates Office) office at your hubbys duty station. * No, the citizen spouse will have to apply for permanent residency for the foreign national spouse under USCIS laws. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, http://www.uscis.gov
No, marrying a U.S. citizen does not automatically grant an immigrant permanent resident or citizenship status. http://www.uscis.gov
It is no longer possible for a citizen to apply for permanent residency/ citizenship for an immigrant spouse who entered the U.S. illegally. (INA Sect: 212(a)(9)(B) and 8 USC 1182(a)(9)(B). Marrying a U.S. citizen does not automatically confer permanent resident status or citizenship on a foreign national. Therefore, marrying the person would not solve the problem of her being unlawfully present. She would be required to voluntarily return to her country of origin or be deported by authorities. Specific information can be found on the United States Citizenship and Immigration website, http://www.uscis.gov
There are not grounds for filing a civil suit in such a situation. In addition, a foreign national whether illegal or not does become a citizen by marrying an American citizen, nor are they guaranteed permanent resident status. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, http://www.uscis.gov
In the immigration context an alien refers to a foreign immigrant. The answer is, yes, but there is not much information to make further comment.
permanent
First of all, a green card does not confer U.S. citizenship. It only indicates that someone can live and work in the United States as a permanent resident. You seem to have a lot of questions about gaining U.S. citizenship through service in the U.S. military. You really should review Sections 328 and 329 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Talking to more than one Recruiter would be a good idea, too.