Unless the job is work for hire or work for employer the photographer holds the copyright.
The photographer owns the copyright of any photograph unless there is a written and signed agreement with a client that states otherwise. If the photographer is an employee of someone else and being paid for his employment, then the employer is legally the "author" and owns the copyright, under US law. It is quite possible, and often the case, that a person may own the only copy of a photograph but someone else owns the entire copyright but no copies.
Contact the copyright owner, or his/her agent.
It isn't necessary to take any action for a photograph to be protected. Copyright protection is automatic, as soon as work of sufficient originality is "fixed in a tangible medium, perceptible to human eye, machine reader or other device".If you want the additional protection a formally registered copyright can provide, contact the copyright office in your country for the proper procedure and required fees.
If the photograph is copyrighted then the copyright owner has the exclusive right to make derivative works, including drawings or paintings of any recognizable portion of the original photograph. Copyright duration of works produced prior to 1977 is discussed under "Duration of copyrights".
No, but a photograph of an arrangement could be protected.
If you are taking a clip from the movie, the movie itself is protected by copyright, but depending on your use, it may be covered by 17USC107. If you are using a photograph of it, the photograph would be protected by copyright, but your use may be covered by 17USC107.
Depending on what you mean when you say "based on".You can use a photograph as the basis for an original composition that you create. This means that you can use a photograph to formulate an idea or composition of your own.As for using the photograph in question, as evidenced by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, as amended by s. 5, Duration of Copyright and Rights in Performances Regulations 1995, copyright of a photograph in the UK belongs to the creator for 70 years (until year end) AFTER the death of the creator.
Same as copyright notice for anything else: Copyright, or copr. or circle-C, the date of copyright and the author or other copyright owner's name. E.g., "Copyright 2012 Walt Disney Productions, Inc."
Yes you can. However bear in mind that even though you hold the copyright to the photograph you do not own the subject material of the photo.
Works of sufficient creativity are automatically protected as soon as they are fixed in a tangible medium; the copyright symbol is not required.
Generally copyright protection extends until the end of the calendar year 70 years past the death of the photographer
Someone using a camera.