Yes.
No.
Your problem is not the printer, the problem is availability of windows drivers for the printer. If you find appropriate windows drivers supporting the printer you should not have problems using your laptop with the printer*. *I have assumed that you have windows installed on your laptop.
No, new harddrives are worth about $50 and a new laptop is $500 - $2000
Yes It will as its a sata interface :)
You need to install appropriate sound driver for the card. Use the laptop manufacture website (Dell.com, HP.com and so on) to find what you need.
Install windows 8 on your new laptop. Simple!
yes as long as its compatible with your proccesor and fits you need to check your dimesions. but i'd just recommend an external hardrive preferable a Western Digital WD Passport WDXMS1200 External Hard Drive
If you have Windows (you probably do) go to Start>My computer (or just computer) and right-click the 1st device that comes up and click properties. Where it says capacity it should say how many Gigabytes (or GB) your hard drive is.
I personally use windows and well, haven't had the best experiences with it, but that was my desktop. I hear that windows laptops are better. Well good luck with whatever you choose.
The most likely reason is that your laptop does not meet the system requirements for Windows XP.
You need to find out which adapter you have. After that, check the laptop manufacture website for appropriate drivers.
When your laptop comes on you should either see Windows 7 Or Windows 7 ultimate Hope this helped