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Jesus Christ was born between 7 B.C. and 2 B.C. (depending on which dating scheme you follow) in Bethlehem in Judea. Thus, He appeared during the early days of the Roman Empire, the post-Republican age of Roman civilization. At the time of Jesus' birth, the Roman empire covered most of the Mediterranean world, from Spain to Asia Minor to Egypt to North Africa. The Battle of Actium had taken place in 31 B.C. and Octavian took the honorific title Augustus in 27 B.C. Caesar Augustus was emperor at the time of Jesus' coming (Luke 2:1). The age of Jesus' birth was one of a complex interaction between Greek philosophy, Roman polity, and Hebrew religion, especially in the land of Israel. For more on the historical and ideological context of the time, see J. Gresham Machen, A Historical Introduction to the New Testament.

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Q: In which historical period Jesus born?
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