Yes, Denmark is a member of Schengen
All 5 Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) are already members of the Schengen Area.
Yes, Latvia is part of the Schengen agreement.
Yes, The Netherlands are a member of the Schengen Area.
Brussels is a city, not a state. Brussels is the capital of Belgium. Belgium is a member of the Schengen Area.
Doha is the capital city of the state of Qatar Qatar is not in Europe, it is not a member of the Schengen Agreement.
Dublin is in Ireland, which is not part of the Schengen Area.The nearest country which is part of the Schengen Area is France.
Yes, but not EU.
I assume you mean you are a non-EU citizen who has a work permit for Denmark. In this case you can travel freely to any other Schengen country as a tourist, but you cannot work there. Your Danish work permit is only valid in Denmark
No, Turkey is not part of the Schengen Area. A Turkish visa is not valid for any other country.
It is very unlikely it will as England (and the whole of the UK) is not a full member of the Schengen Group
No,Luxembourg is not in Schengen,but Schengen is in Luxembourg.