Yes, cattle is the only meat producing animal that produces beef.
Most goulash I have seen is made with ground beef, which comes from trim from all the steaks and other cuts from the entire carcass. Ground beef is made from skeletal muscle.
Beef comes from cattle, be they steers, heifers, cows, or bulls.
Yes, not all of them, but many. That is usually what steaks and hamburgers are made out of, and many people eat those. There are also people who are vegans or vegetarian, and those people don't eat cows.
That all depends on how "carnivorous" an American is. It could be upwards in the millions, especially if that American ate a lot of hamburgers and steaks of beef that came from various different steers or heifers.
All kinds.
All cattle can be eaten, though cows are usually reserved for milk and calf production. There are beef breeds that have been bred specifically for meat production. A beef herd is made up of castrated male bulls (known as bullocks).
Beef calves. Beef cows are mature female bovines that have had a calf, and are primarily used in cow-calf production to produce calves that are raised and slaughtered for beef. However, when the beef cow is no longer productive, she gets slaughtered and turned into hamburger and sausages.
All cows (mature female bovines) produce milk.
Corned beef is form the brisket of the cow which is the lower stomach it is usually made in Germany. Where it is made will depend on your location. The U.S. will not import beef from Europe. The U.S. has it's own corned beef processors.
omaha steaks
You can't tell if you're buying real Angus beef in the superstore. When the hide comes off, all beef animals look the same. The only way you can "tell" if you're eating Angus beef is if the label on the cellophane-wrapped beef says CAB Certified, however this is also unreliable (see the related question posted below). Holsteins (those white cows with black spots) are mostly used for hamburger and sausages. The Holstein steers that are fattened up for market are also likely candidates to have their steaks on the supermarket meat shelf. However the cows, the mature female bovines, are too old and meat too tough to be used as steaks or roasts. Younger cattle are primarily best for steaks and roasts. If you want to know where your beef comes from and whether it REALLY is Angus, then buy local beef, don't buy from your supermarket anymore. With buying from local producers, you have a much lower chance of getting jipped than you would buying beef that you have no idea about. As for these white cows with black spots being the real Angus, this is NOT true. Holsteins are an entirely different breed, and Angus are an entirely different breed. But I can see what you're saying when you know you don't know if you're eating Holstein beef or Angus beef or even Simmental beef. Check out the related question that answered in a similar (but longer) way below.
No. Steaks come from a variety of breeds, including but not restricted to Angus cattle. Simmental, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Shorthorn, Brahman, Limousin, Charolais, Maine Anjou and several other beef breeds and composite crosses of those plus these listed are raised, sold and slaughtered to be made into steaks for us to eat.