Yes. In Spanish, "guitar" translates to "guitarra."
About 40% of the words in English have a Spanish cognate. This means that the English word has a similar Spanish word, such as "accident" (English) and "accidente" (Spanish).
"January" translates to "enero"
The cognate for English "old" in Spanish is "viejo" and in French is "vieux".
literaria
No, it is not.
zinc
inferencia
No cognate comes to mind, but the closest translation is fortaleza.
A cognate in spanish is cognado. If you mean it the other way it is a word easy to translate into English from Spanish like balon is balloon. See?
I don´t think it is really a "cognate". The closest I can think of would be "superb".
A cognate is a word that sounds like the word with it's same meaning in a different language. An example of an English/Spanish cognate would be: Universe Universo English Spanish