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Yes- it is called a SABOT ( pronounced say-bow). It permits a .22 caliber bullet (not cartridge, BULLET) to be loaded into a .308 cartridge casing.
The US military uses the 7.62 NATO, and not the civilian .308 Winchester cartridge. There are two common bullet weights- 150 grain, and the 174 gr M118 cartridge, used for long range.
It's basically .308 in diameter, however that does not mean it is the same as what is called .308. .308 is 7.62x51mm and is much more powerful.
Neck angles, headspacing, pressure generated by the cartridge when fired.
The M60 machinegun fires the 7.62 NATO cartridge- very similar to the .308 Winchester.
Yes and no. Many .300 caliber cartridges use a bullet that is actually .308 inches in diameter- such as the 30-06. However, CARTRIDGES such as the .300 Winchester Magnum are a different size/shape than the .308 Winchester cartridge- they do not interchange.
"caliber" as used in the firearms world can either mean just the bullet diameter, or the inside measure of bore diameter, expressed as a decimal fraction of an inch. And "caliber" can also mean the complete name of a specific cartridge, which might be quite different from some other one using the same caliber bullets. Examples: The caliber ".357 magnum" uses .357" (or 357/1000 inch) bullets. The caliber ".308 Winchester" uses .308" bullets. But the caliber ".30-06 Springfield" ALSO uses those same .308 bullets. But it's a different "caliber" because it's not the same cartridge. The .30-06 has a much longer case that holds more gunpowder.
First, there are BULLETS and there are CARTRIDGES- then there is US and then there is Europe. In the US, a .308 bullet IS a 7.62 mm bullet. The .308 Winchester CARTRIDGE is similar to, but slightly different from the 7.62 NATO cartridge. The .308 has minor differences in the case measurements, has slightly less internal volume (due to thicker military brass) and is loaded to higher pressures that the military 7.62 NATO. The NATO round can be safely fired from a .308 Winchester rifle, but the reverse is not true. In Europe, they measure bore diameter differently than the US does. Due to the different measuring technique, what the Europeans CALL a 7.62 mm (like the 7.62x39 cartridge for the SKS) is really closer to .311 than .308.
The cartridge known as the 7mm-08 was derived from the .308 Win (7.62x51mm). The casing mouth is necked down from the original 7.62mm (.308") to 7mm (roughly .280").
There are actually several calibers that may be used for long range shooting. The 7.62 NATO (close to .308, but not the same) is a frequently used compromise. While it has less range than a monster like the .50 BMG, it is a lot easier to carry one 20 kilometers through jungle, but has a much greater range than the 5.56 cartridge.
no
No, a 303 is a rimmed cartridge, the 308 is rimless.