No, vegetable shortening is made from hydrogenated oils that come from corn, rapeseed (canola oil), soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower, or peanuts. In the past, cooks used lard (animal) for the same purpose.
In some cases yes, it is made from hydrogenated fats. However it does depend upon the brand.
No, vegetable oil is a liquid and vegetable shortening is a solid, almost like butter.
"Vegetable" means from a plant, not from a cow.
Neither, it is a dairy product
In cakes: Increase the amount called for by 15% and use vegetable shortening or non-dairy margarine.
Generally, yes. Some vegetarians choose not to ea dairy (including cheese) though.
No, cheese is not a vegetable. Cheese is a dairy product.
Cheese is neither it is a dairy product
No, pepper is made from the ground seeds of plants. Pepper is a vegetable product.
No, it's a cheese, a dairy product made from milk
It depends on what you are baking or cooking. Vegetable oil can substitute in some cases. Although it will change the characteristic of your end product because vegetable oil has less "shortening power" than vegetable shortening. Butter can substitute too but you would have to increase the volume and there is the risk of burning depending on what you are making. Lard can substitute too. Its really hard to give an answer that is good, safe without knowing what you are using the shortening for. If you are frying something it is another different matter too.
No
It depends on the recipe. Shortening becomes solid at room temperature while vegetable oil does not. So vegetable oil may be substituted for melted shortening only in recipes that do not depend on shortening becoming solid for texture when cooled.
Yes
No.