Catholic Answer
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There were a couple of them, the Catholic reform known to the protestant and secular world as the Counter-reformation; and the protestant revolt, known to the protestant and secular world as the protestant reformation.
from the Catholic Encyclopedia article on Pope Leo X
The most important occurrence of Leo's pontificate and that of gravest consequence to the Church was the Reformation, which began in 1517. We cannot enter into a minute account of this movement, the remote cause of which lay in the religious, political, and social conditions of Germany. It is certain, however, that the seeds of discontent amid which Luther threw his firebrand had been germinating for centuries. The immediate cause was bound up with the odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, and shows how far short all efforts at reform had hitherto fallen. Albert of Brandenburg, already Archbishop of Magdeburg, received in addition the Archbishopric of Mainz and the Bishopric of Hallerstadt, but in return was obliged to collect 10,000 ducats, which he was taxed over and above the usual confirmation fees. To indemnify him, and to make it possible to discharge these obligations Rome permitted him to have preached in his territory the plenary indulgence promised all those who contributed to the new St. Peter's; he was allowed to keep one half the returns, a transaction which brought dishonour on all concerned in it. Added to this, abuses occurred during the preaching of the Indulgence. The money contributions, a mere accessory, were frequently the chief object, and the "Indulgences for the Dead" became a vehicle of inadmissible teachings. That Leo X, in the most serious of all the crises which threatened the Church, should fail to prove the proper guide for her, is clear enough from what has been related above. He recognized neither the gravity of the situation nor the underlying causes of the revolt. Vigorous measures of reform might have proved an efficacious antidote, but the pope was deeply entangled in political affairs and allowed the imperial election to overshadow the revolt of Luther; moreover, he gave himself up unrestrainedly to his pleasures and failed to grasp fully the duties of his high office. .
from the Catholic Encyclopedia The term Counter-Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The name, though long in use among Protestant historians, has only recently been introduced into Catholic handbooks. The consequence is that it already has a meaning and an application, for which a word with a different nuance should perhaps have been chosen. For in the first place the name suggests that the Catholic movement came after the Protestant; whereas in truth the reform originally began in the Catholic Church, and Luther was a Catholic Reformer before he became a Protestant. By becoming a Protestant Reformer, he did indeed hinder the progress of the Catholic reformation, but he did not stop it.from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the Catholic movement of reform and activity which lasted for about one hundred years from the beginning of the Council of Trent (q.v., 1545), and was the belated answer to the threatening confusion and increasing attacks of the previous years. It was the work principally of the Popes St. Pius V and Gregory XIII and the Council itself in the sphere of authority, of SS. Philip Neri and Charles Borromeo in the reform of the clergy and of life, of St. Ignatius and the Jesuits in apostolic activity of St. Francis Xavier in foreign missions, and of St. Teresa in the purely contemplative life which lies behind them all. But these were not the only names nor was it a movement of a few only; the whole Church emerged from the 15th century purified and revivified. On the other hand, it was a reformation rather than a restoration; the unity of western Christendom was destroyed; the Church militant (those still on earth) led by the Company of Jesus adopted offence as the best means of defence and, though she gained as much as she lost in some sense, the Church did not recover the exercise of her former spiritual supremacy in actuality.
from Modern Catholic Dictionary by John A. Hardon, S.J. Doubleday & Co., Inc. Garden City, NY 1980
A period of Catholic revival from 1522 to about 1648, better know as the Catholic Reform. It was an effort to stem the tide of Protestantism by genuine reform within the Catholic Church. There were political movements pressured by civil rules, and ecclesiastical movements carried out by churchmen in an attempt to restore genuine Catholic life by establishing new religious orders such as the Society of Jesus and restoring old orders to their original observances, such as the Carmelites under St. Teresa of Avila (1515-98). The main factors responsible for the Counter Reformation, however, were the papacy and the council of Trent (1545-63). Among church leaders St. Charles Borromeo (1538-84), Archbishop of Milan, enforced the reforms decreed by the council, and St. Francis de Sales of Geneva (1567-1622) spent his best energies in restoring genuine Catholic doctrine and piety. Among civil rulers sponsoring the needed reform were Philip II of Spain (1527-98) and Mary Tudor (1516-58), his wife, in England. Unfortunately this aspect of the reformation led to embitterment between England and Scotland, England and Spain, Poland and Sweden, and to almost two centuries of religious wars. As a result of the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church became stronger in her institutional structure, more dedicated to the work of evangelization, and more influential in world affairs.
catholic reformation
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The second Great Awakening did change America as the people began viewing each other as equal before God.
The term you are looking for is Zionism, but Zionism is not a religious movement and religious Jews did not start support Zionism (many today do not give the ideology approval even if they approve of Israel) until the mid-1930s and 1940s (whereas the movement began in the 1880s).
Grant is the government action that began the civil service reform and it did work.
The United Kingdom or the British held control of India from the 1600's to the middle of the 20th century. At the end of the 19th century an Indian national movement and rebellion began to get serious. After decades of the nationalist movement developing, India gained independence in 1947.
The religious movement
Wahhabi
deoband movement
During the 18th century, Enlightenment thought often challenged the authority of the religious establishment by promoting reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional beliefs. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the importance of science and rational thinking over dogma and superstition, leading to increased secularism and the questioning of religious authority. This tension between Enlightenment ideals and traditional religious institutions helped shape the intellectual landscape of the era.
Dorthea Dix
The Reconstructionist movement began admitting openly gay students to their seminary in 1984. The Reform movement followed in the late 1980s, and issued a ruling in 1990 declaring full equality for gays and lesbians in the Reform movement. The Conservative movement began accepting gay and lesbian students in their seminary in 2006, and the Jewish Renewal movement ordained two lesbians rabbis in the same year. The Reconstructionist movement officially endorsed same-sex marriage in 1992, the Reform movement in 1996, and the Conservative movement in 2012.
an effort to defend Calvinism against Enlightenment ideas
Martin Luther
Buddhism?
An early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in advocating temperance rather than abstinence and taking positions on moral issues.
The movement began in mid-17th century England.
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