The torque depends on a few things lubrication, grade(strength), the nut inside diameter, and thread pitch. The grade can be found on the nut generally ranging from 4.8-12.9.
Assuming the inside diameter of the nut is close to 12mm, below shows the torque value corresponding to its grade non lubricated.
Metric; US customary units
4.8 = 50Nm; 37Ft lbs
8.8 or 9.8 = 95Nm; 70Lbs
12.9 = 165Nm; 120Ft lbs
Torque = force x distance (from the axis of rotation). With a larger handle, you need less force to get the same torque.
The longer the arm of a spanner, the more leverage can be used. More leverage allows more pressure to be used against a nut to either tighten or to loosen.
A torque spanner attempts to infer the tension forces applied to a bolt, by measuring the turning force applied to the nut. This method suffers from uncertainties in the friction between the nut and the bolt, and again from the nut and the surface. It is necessarily an indirect measurement. It is vital that all surfaces be very clean and smooth for this method to be reliable. Compressible washers are a more reliable device, but less simple. Sometimes of a cone or a wave form.
Of course. Torque is the product of the (force) times (its distance from the axle). If the force you have doesn't produce enough torque, you simply apply the same force farther from the axle, and that increases the torque. That's why, if you can't crack the nut with the wrench you have and the strength you have, you slip a piece of pipe over the handle and make the wrench look twice as long. In that way, you have temporarily transformed the wrench into a "Persuader", and the nut is highly likely then to be persuaded. If you can arrange for the small force to be exerted at a long enough distance from the axle, it can apply as much or more torque than the larger force can when applied closer in.
I got the Below Answer from Allinterview.com, I just Reproduced. Bolt and nut combinations need to be "stretched" in order to provide a clamp effect across the joint. "Bolt Torquing" stretches the bolt as the nut is turned by a wrench. The more the nut is turned, the further it rides up the bolt's threads. Since it can't extend into the joint, the nut "pulls" the bolt, thus "stretching" it. "Bolt Tensioning" uses a tensioning tool to pull the bolt until the required stretch has been achieved. The nut is then turned freely by hand until it rests against the joint face. The tensioning pressure is then released. The applied stretch is retained mechanically by the nut. Since friction has an effect on how easily a nut can be turned against a joint's face when torqued, "Torquing" is much less accurate than "Tensioning" (in which friction is moot).
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