Philosophy for one. Athens was home to some of the greatest Greek philosophers, including the big three that every philosophy class studies today (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle). Art was also a major contribution. As the center of learning in Greece, and for some time in the Roman Empire, Athens drew the greatest artist, architects, philosophers, writers, playwrights, etc. to study and learn, as well as teach and publish their own ideas. Probably Athens most important contribution was democracy, which gave power to the people. It spread quickly through Athenian colonies and some of her neighbors, including Rome, which created out of it the republic. Athens also built a strong navy and a decent army, which turn Greece sort of into a US Congress of sorts. One side with the conservative Spartans, the other with the more liberal Athenians. Other city-states began to gather around these super powers making them the only major threats within Greece.
Because the romans respected their culture.
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Legend, language, poetry.
The Greek culture gave birth to democracy since ancient greeks invented the term and used it in Athens for the first time.
One famous Greek philosopher from Athens is Socrates. He is known for his contributions to ethics and his method of questioning to stimulate critical thinking.
Athens formed an alliance of Greek cities to oppose Persia after the Persian invasion had been repulsed. The alliance was funded by contributions from the league while Athens provided the naval power financed by this. When peace was made with Persia, Athens continued to levy the contributions, using its navy to do so by force if necessary. This league thus effectively became an empire of Athens.
It was a centre of culture and ambitious to expand and dominate the Greek world by force.
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Together with the rest of the Greek world, it passed on architecture, art, the arts, language which have influenced modern society.
The capital of Greece is Athens. It is known for its historical landmarks, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, as well as its bustling city life and vibrant culture.