I've attached links for a couple of glossaries of Jewish words and concepts.
If it's in the Torah, it's basic to Judaism.
The Torah
Yes, the Torah is the basic text of Judaism, containing its beliefs and laws.
The entire content of the Torah.
All of the commands in the Torah.
No prophet revealed the basic laws of faith in judaism. Jewish tradition holds that G-d revealed the basic laws directly to the people at Mt. Sinai, in Egypt.
That God exists and gave the Torah.
No, not at all.
Attached are links for a couple of glossaries.
In terms of what? In terms of holiness, Yom Kippur and Shabbos; in terms of frequency, Rosh Chodesh and Shabbos.
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Arthur Green has written: 'The Old Gardener' 'These are the words' -- subject(s): Terms and phrases, Hebrew language, Judaism, Terminology 'Eleh ha-devarim' -- subject(s): Terms and phrases, Hebrew language, Judaism, Terminology 'Keter' -- subject(s): Mysticism, Cabala, Judaism, Crown of God in rabbinical literature, History 'Ehyeh' -- subject(s): Judaism, Mysticism, Cabala, Spiritual life 'Radical Judaism' 'Jewish Spirituality Vol. 1' 'New directions in Jewish theology in America' -- subject(s): Judaism, Doctrines 'Devotion and Commandment' 'These are the words' -- subject(s): Terms and phrases, Hebrew language, Judaism, Terminology 'These Are the Words' 'Judaism for the post-modern era' -- subject(s): Judaism, Spiritual life