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The two were not comparable. Rome during the republican period did not have a centralised government like a cabinet. It has five types of officers of state who acted independently within the remit of their executive offices. These offices were elected annually, apart for the censors whose term of office was 18 months.

Rome had three popular assemblies in which citizens voted directly. The Romans did not elect representatives of MPs. The Assembly of the Soldiers voted on war and peace, elected the senior officers of state and until 81 BC acted as a court of appeal for capital punishment cases. The Assembly of the Tribes elected the junior officers and acted as a court of appeal for other cases, also until 81 BC. In 81 BC all appeals were transferred to a special jury court.

Originally the consuls (the two annually heads of the Republic) proposed bills for the vote of the Assembly of the Soldiers. Later the plebeian tribunes proposed bulls for the vote of the Plebeian council (this is the origin of the word plebiscite)

The senate was not an elected body. Senators were members of the aristocracy and former officers of state. It was not a legislative body either. It was an advisory body for the consuls. However, it could issue decrees. Over time it became the most important political body. It supervised the quaestors (the treasurers) and with imperial expansion it became responsible of the administration of the provinces (conquered territories).

When the republic was replaced by rule by emperors, the emperor became an absolute ruler. He had a centralised imperial bureaucracy and the senate was turned into an instrument for his rule. The plebeian council was scrapped and the proceedings of the other two popular assemblies became mere formalities.

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Q: What are the differences between Roman empire and UK government?
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