Most common air rifles are designed to shoot targets and small rodents like rats, squirrels and rabbits. However I suggest you shoot these rodents with a pellet rifle not a BB rifle. BB's do not deform when they hit a target and will make the rodent suffer, where as pellets will deform and make a quick kill.
If you really get into shooting with a pellet rifle then you can move up to the big bore air rifles. Let me explain. BB's come in one size .175, pellets come in several different sizes and bigger bore rifles like, .177, .20, .22, .25, 9mm, 45 Cal and 50 cal. the last 3 sizes require a Scuba tank to charge the rifle and will drive a large pellet at over 1000 feet per second. These are capable of bringing down a Boar or larger animal. These rifles are called PCP (PerCharged Pneumatic ) rifles and guns.
Yes
It depends on the power of the air rifle, Local laws and the location where you live.
No.
It all depends on the rifle, pellet and power source.
Depends on the rifle. Accurately? About 50 yards max.
Depends on where the backyard is located.
yes
yes, if you are in space at the time and have an air rifle, you shoot it out the window, you die because of the vacuum, but it is successful. you killed yourself but got a BB pellet into space. WEAR a helmet next time.
Not anywhere in the US that I am aware of. Do understand that an air rifle, from a certain distance, looks like any other rifle so don't point it at cops or they will shoot you.
You can go to a range where they teach you how to shoot or you could buy and Air rifle and pellets and see how you get on with it as Air Rifles are not overly expensive. After a few years of practicing at a range or with your own Air Rifle you can become a Crack shot.
It depends on the Country where you live. However most locations have seasons for hunting Doves and will require a license to shoot them.
No. It's not designed to shoot them.