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What happens in the forward and reverse reactions when ammonia is dissolved in water .Identify the conjugate acidthe conjugate base and the two conjugate acid base pairs?
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Where is sand and gravel used at the most?
private construction firms and government agencies in the construction and paving industries.sand is a base and gravel is a acidThe sand and gravel harvested from the continental shelf are used in making concrete and in other construction applications.The sand and gravel harvested from the continental shelf are used in making concrete and in other construction applications
What are the features in RNA?
RNA is a nucleic acidThe nucleotide of RNA is made of 5-carbon sugar ribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.They are usually single stranded, except for some viruses, which may have double stranded RNA.They are necessary for protein synthesis.There are three types: tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA.
What are Examples of binary and ternary acids with names?
If the compound does not contain Oxygen:hyro__(name of element)__icIf it does contain Oxygen:Ending is -ate changes to -icEnding is -ite changes to -ous
Why can you drink vinegar but you cannot drink a dilute solution of battery acid?
Acetic Acid vs. Sulphuric AcidThe pH of vinegar is typically around 2.5 while the pH of battery acid is usually around 0.8. The concentration of hydrogen ions in battery acid is hence much higher than in vinegar. This lower pH is more unnatural for the body and can have harmful effects. Also vinegar's acidity is caused by acetic acid while battery acid is sulphuric acid. It is likely that the body is more tolerable to acetic acid because it is a weak acid. Although you can drink vinegar straight, but I wouldn't drink too much of it -- it will upset your stomach if you drink a lot, and like anything else, will kill you if consumed in large excess! Weak vs. Strong AcidThe pH of vinegar and a diluted solution of battery acid (which is sulfuric acid, or H2SO4) can be exactly the same. The key word is "diluted." Yes, pure battery acid is at a very low pH, but if sufficiently diluted, it can have a pH greater than that of vinegar! The pH of an acid solution is determined by two factors: the strength of the acid (typically characterized by it's Ka or equivalently its pKa) and the concentration of the acid (typically characterized by its molarity). Clearly drinking pure battery acid would kill you very quickly because of the extremely low pH (it would severely burn your mouth and esophagus, among other things)! But drinking even a fairly dilute solution of sulphuric acid would be very bad for you. This is because sulphuric acid is a strong acid, while acetic acid is a weak acid. That means that sulphuric acid dissociates completely in water to form H3O+ and HSO4-. Acetic acid will not dissociate completely and an equilibrium will exist between its protonated and deprotonated form.What does this mean in practice. Vinegar contains about 5-10% acetic acid. This is approximately 1 molar (1 M). The pH of this solution is ~2.5, and this is not harmful.Now if you have the same 1 M concentration, but now of sulfuric acid, what would the pH be? For a 1 M solution of H2SO4, the pH is 0. Yes, zero. The concentration of pure battery acid is about 30-35% sulfuric acid, which is about 6 M. That has a pH of -0.78! Yes, it's negative. So, to get battery acid to have the same pH as vinegar (a pH of 2.5), you'd need it to have a concentration of 0.0032 M, so you'd have to dilute the battery acid by a factor of 2000! That'd be VERY dilute! But you know, I wouldn't want to drink anything, dilute or not, that came out of my car... but that's just me. But really, don't.NOTE: I've found some discrepancy about the pH of battery acid. I've seen the pH of battery acid reported to be about 1, but I've also seen it reported that the concentration of battery acid is 30-35% sulphuric acid. If that percentage is correct, than a such a concentration solution of sulphuric acid would have a negative pH. I'm not sure which is correct, the reported pH of 1 or the concentration of 30%. The two numbers seem to me to be inconsistent.Answer to Note: I would suspect that the reporting of a pH of 1 for that concentration of Sulfuric is based on the limitation of the testing equipment. Most common pH probes are not designed to read that low with any accuracy.It doesn't change the important point of the answer above -- that a solution of sulphuric acid is still MUCH more acidic than the same concentration of acetic acid, even if both are fairly dilute. All that being said, if the sulphuric acid is very very dilute, and I mean VERY dilute, there is nothing dangerous about! But don't try this at home boys and girls...ANOTHER TIDBITSulphuric acid also breaks down the proteins in your tissues. So not only will the low pH burn, the tissues of your body will coagulate. Think cooked egg white or the lack of strength in fork tender meat.
What is the difference in energy production between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Respiration is one of the imperative functions of the body that are of crucial importance for all the living organisms be it human being, or the microscopic bacteria. In general the process of respiration serves two basic purposes in living organisms, the first one being disposal of electrons generated during catabolism and the second one being production of ATP. The respiration machinery is located in cell membranes of prokaryotes whereas it is placed in the inner membranes of mitochondria for eukaryotes. Respiration requires a terminal electron acceptor. Simply put, the respiration process, which uses oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor, is called aerobic respiration and the one, which uses terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen, is called anaerobic respiration.Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic RespirationStarting from the bio-chemical pathway used to utilize bio-molecules, to the amount of energy produced in the respiration process, there exist a lot of differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Let us discuss the two respiration processes separately with respect to the process, outcome and the chemical reactions involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Aerobic RespirationAerobic respiration is the process that takes place in presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration is the metabolic process that involves break down of fuel molecules to obtain bio-chemical energy and has oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Fuel molecules commonly used by cells in aerobic respiration are glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.. The process of obtaining energy in aerobic respiration can be represented in the following equation:Glucose + Oxygen →Energy + Carbon dioxide + WaterThe aerobic respiration is a high energy yielding process. During the process of aerobic respiration as many as 38 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose that is utilized. Thus aerobic respiration process breaks down a single glucose molecule to yield 38 units of the energy storing ATP molecules.Anaerobic respirationThe term anaerobic means without air and hence anaerobic respiration refers to the special type of respiration, which takes place without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is the process of oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen, which results in production of energy in the form of ATP or adenosine tri-phosphate. Anaerobic respiration is synonymous with fermentation especially when the glycolytic pathway of energy production is functional in a particular cell. The process of anaerobic respiration for production of energy can occur in either of the ways represented below:Glucose (Broken down to) →Energy (ATP) + Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (CO2)Glucose (Broken down to) →Energy (ATP) + Lactic acidThe process of anaerobic respiration is relatively less energy yielding as compared to the aerobic respiration process. During the alcoholic fermentation or the anaerobic respiration (represented in the first equation) two molecules of ATP (energy) are produced. for every molecule of glucose used in the reaction. Similarly for the lactate fermentation (represented in the second equation) 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose used. Thus anaerobic respiration breaks down one glucose molecule to obtain two units of the energy storing ATP molecules.
How many cubic centimeters of acid are neutralized by 25cubic centimeter of sodium hydroxide?
The answer will depend onThe concentration of NAOHWhich acidThe concentration of the acid.
What are the 2 basic component of fitness?
aerobic - uses oxygen to produce energyanaeorbic - does not include oxygen, and produces lactic acidThe 2 components of physical fitness essential for complete fitness include Cardiovascular fitness(endurance) and body composition.
How do you spell acid?
The correct spelling is accident (unintentional occurrence).
Where is sand and gravel used at the most?
private construction firms and government agencies in the construction and paving industries.sand is a base and gravel is a acidThe sand and gravel harvested from the continental shelf are used in making concrete and in other construction applications.The sand and gravel harvested from the continental shelf are used in making concrete and in other construction applications
What are the two major composnents of physical fitness?
aerobic - uses oxygen to produce energyanaeorbic - does not include oxygen, and produces lactic acidThe 2 components of physical fitness essential for complete fitness include Cardiovascular fitness(endurance) and body composition.
What are the features in RNA?
RNA is a nucleic acidThe nucleotide of RNA is made of 5-carbon sugar ribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.They are usually single stranded, except for some viruses, which may have double stranded RNA.They are necessary for protein synthesis.There are three types: tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA.
What are Examples of binary and ternary acids with names?
If the compound does not contain Oxygen:hyro__(name of element)__icIf it does contain Oxygen:Ending is -ate changes to -icEnding is -ite changes to -ous
How much acid is in a battery?
The acid in a battery is sulphuric acid. It is highly corrosive and hazardous to touch. Acid spills must be carefully cleaned with products which neutralize the acid. Personal protective wear, at a minimum gloves and face protection, should be worn when cleaning acid spills.
What is the acid found in your stomachs?
Hydrochloric acidThe parietal cells of the stomach produce H+ and Cl- ions separately, forming hydrochloric acid (HCl), which, along with potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl), comprises gastric acid. Hydrochloric acid is concentrated in the stomach (pH of 1-2), making the stomach a very acidic environment in which certain enzymes can function to digest proteins. See the related links below for more information on hydrochloric acid and its role in digestion.
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
Note- See the related link for the complete derivation belowSUMMARY OF ACID-DISSOCIATION CONSTANT (pKa) (from Rhoades and Pflanzer Human Physiology)HA ßà H+ + A-1) Reaction to the right à dissociation reaction2) Reaction to left à association reactionThe rate of the dissociation reaction = [HA] x dissociation rate constant k1 (which is a specific value for this reaction).The rate of the association reaction = [H+] x [A-] x association rate constant k2At equilibrium à rates of association and dissociation are =. Thereforek1 x [HA] = k2 x [H+] x [A-]Hence à [H+] x [A-] /[HA] = k1/k2A NEW CONSTANT à is defined for k1/k2 à we call it Ka (equilibrium constant for the reaction and dissociation constant for the acid)A HIGHER Ka à more completely an acid is dissociated à stronger acid à lower pHA LOWER Ka à not as much dissociation à weak acid à higher pHThe Ka is often small in difficult to manipulate à so we present the number in a logarithmic form à pKa (which is the log10 of the INVERSE of KapKa = log10(1/Ka) = --log10(Ka)LOW pKaà high dissociation constant à STRONG ACIDHIGH pKa à low dissociation constant à WEAK ACIDTHE HENDERSON HASSELBALCH EQUATION[H+] x [A-] /[HA] = Ka à therefore[H+] = Ka x [HA] / [A-]Take log of both sidelog[H+] = logKa + log([HA]/[A-]) à multiple both sides by -1-- log[H+] = --logKa + log([A-]/[HA])And because pH = --log[H+] and pKa = log(1/Ka) = --log(Ka)pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])HENCE à WHEN [A-] = [HA] à the pH of solution = it's pKa (because the log1 is 0)Conversely à the pKa is the pH at which there are as many molecules of weak acid as there are conjugate base in solution.For the bicarbonate buffer system à (pK = 6.1)Cheers
What gasses make acid rain?
Two gases will contribute to acid rain:SO2 (sulfur dioxide) will make sulfuric (or sulfurous) acidNOx (oxides of nitrogen from combustion) will make nitric acidThe main sources of pollution are from coal power stations and factories.These gases dissolve in the atmospheric water which is released on the ground as acid rain, causing damage on forests and lakes.Acid precipitation is formed when sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from coal fired power plants and mines (processing ores with a high content of sulfur) are absorbed by water droplets. This forms sulfurous/sulfuric and nitrous/nitric acids. Some of the sulfurous acid can be transformed into sulfuric acid. The chemistry:Sulfur dioxide and water form sulfurous acid (H2SO3)SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇄ H2SO3(aq) In some cases sulfur dioxide (SO2) oxidizes to sulfur trioxide (SO3)2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g) The sulfur trioxide (SO3) then combines with water making sulfuric acid (H2SO4)SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) Some oxides of nitrogen like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) react with water to form nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3)2NO2(g) + H2O(l) → HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)
What do the letters of the DNA alphabet stand for?
CTGAWhile A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also letters that represent ambiguity. Of all the molecules sampled, there is more than one kind of nucleotide at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:[1]A = adenineC = cytosineG = guanineT = thymineR = G A (purine)Y = T C (pyrimidine)K = G T (keto)M = A C (amino)S = G C (strong bonds)W = A T (weak bonds)B = G T C (all but A)D = G A T (all but C)H = A C T (all but G)V = G C A (all but T)N = A G C T (any)
