The outgoing official is called a lame duck. The period of time this official is still in office is called the lame duck period.
an incumbent
candidates?
Impeachment :)
He appointed a chief justice the night before Jefferson took the oath of office.
Going out or away; departing: an outgoing passenger train.Retiring from or relinquishing a place, position, or office: the outgoing chairperson.Addressed for sending: outgoing mail.Sociable and responsive to others; friendly: a warm, outgoing personality.Intended to be taken out, as from a restaurant: outgoing orders of Chinese food.
civil servant
A "Recall" is a process in many areas where an elected official can be removed from office by the voters.
nomination
The vote is called "recall"
It's Yamen(衙门)。
An official request to run for an office is called a petition. It is usually filed with the agency that is sponsoring the election, like a county or state.
The period of which an elected official is in office after losing an election but before the new office holder is sworn in.