Species originate through adaptation by natural selection. Strange thing really, Darwin didn't even believe in evolution.
According to evolutionary theory, natural selection is the principle that directs evolution.
No, its a group thing.
Alfred Russel Wallace.Wallace was a naturalist who independently came up with the idea of natural selection while traveling in what is now Malaysia and Indonesia. He sent a letter outlining his ideas to Charles Darwin, to whom it came as a great shock.Darwin had been working on his theory of natural selection for at least 20 years and did not know what to do. His friends Charles Lyell and Joseph Hooker decided that the fairest thing to do was to present Wallace's essay and Darwin's own writings jointly to the Linnean Society in 1858.Meanwhile Darwin rushed to complete a shorter version of his intended book, which was published in 1859 as 'On the origin of species'.You can see the letters at www.linnean.org/index.php?id=380
The key thing that Darwin realised soon after arriving at the Galapagos was that the islands had been formed relatively recently. Because of this, a relatively small number of species had arrived at the islands and variations on these species had arisen on the different islands. This made Darwin ask how the variations had occurred; leading, eventually, to the theory of Natural Selection.
The only thing that causes evolution is Mutations due to forced natural selection of desired alleles.
Natural selection is not a thing that acts on populations, it is a tendency for harmful genes to not be passed on (die out) and useful variations to thrive and become common.
Adaptation (I'm studying the same thing ;)
Because their population grows and their thing grows ;)
These two things are both theories that are pretty much the same thing.
No. There was a rumor circulating that Darwin recanted evolution on his death bed, but that rumor has no foundation or plausible evidence. And even if Darwin ever had said such a thing, it would be meaningless. Galileo recanted is heliocentric theory, under pressure from a religious group. That in no way alters the fact the earth orbits the sun, and not the other way around.
The phenotype or genome of the individual organism. Remember, individuals are selected, populations evolve.