What is the Evolution of education in the Middle Ages?

Answer 1

In the East, there was a state sponsored educational system that had been put in place by the East Roman Empire in 425 AD and remained until the Byzantine Empire fell in 1453. It had primary schools at the village level, and included education up to the level of the university. Though the University of Constantinople was founded in 425, it is not listed as the first European university, because it never granted degrees recognized in the West.

Most of the schools in the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe were run by the Church. The oldest of these dated from Roman times, and there was at least one school that remained from the Roman Empire that was closed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. Charlemagne opened schools, mostly under Church operation.

There were schools that were state run. One current English school was opened in Northumbria in 700 AD as a state run school. King Alfred the Great set about creating schools that would teach people to read and write in his own language, Old English.

Some schools were run by teachers and students, on a more or less commercial basis. The old medical schools that existed in Velia under the Roman Empire were of this type. They relocated during the 6th century to Salerno because the times were chaotic, and persisted until they were combined with one or more other organizations to form the Salerno Medical School. The date of this is not known, but it seems to have happened in the 9th century. The famous woman physician, Trotula of Salerno, is said to have taught in this school - it seems probable that she was educated in it as well.

Western universities began to open in 1088 with the University of Bologna. Some of these were Church run. Others, including Oxford and Cambridge, were state run. And others, including the University of Bologna, were run by teachers and students.

In the 13th century, the introduction of the Arabic numeric system produced a demand from merchants for schools that would teach them. These were called abacus schools. They were commercially run, taught reading and writing in the vernacular language, taught arithmetic and business mathematics, and seem mostly to have been coeducational, so women could tend the business when that was needed.

Answer 2

AnswerThere was no education. 90% of the people couldn't read or write. The clergy were the only people with books, who wrote books, and could read and write. Entirely different answerOriginally, education of the Middle Ages consisted of what was inherited from the Roman Empire. In Western Europe this was in a sorry state, as was most everything, for a while, though it continued in the East Roman Empire. In time, the Church began to open more schools, and then secular schools started to open. The state support of education got an important boost with Charlemagne. In time, certain cities became known for their schools and began attracting larger numbers of students. The schools formed universities to regulate education, beginning in 1088 with the University of Bologna. Many of these universities opened during the Middle Ages.

There are some details that might help clarify the history of medieval education:

In 425, the Byzantine Empire started opening primary schools. The purpose was to see that all soldiers were literate. These schools were open until 1453, when the Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Turks.

There is a town called Llantwit Major in Wales, near the city of Bangor. At that town, there used to be a school called Cor Tewdws, or in English Theodosius College. It was opened by the Roman Emperor Theodosius, who died in 395, before the Middle Ages began, and it was closed by the English King Henry VIII, whose reign began in 1509, after the Middle Ages ended. It was not particularly special, aside from the fact that it existed throughout the entire Middle Ages.

Cor Tewdws is not on the list Wikipedia has of the oldest schools in the world, because it is no longer functioning. The list does, however, given the names of 73 schools that were founded during the Middle Ages and are still operating today. The oldest, King's School in Canterbury, was founded in 597. The oldest entirely state run school, Beverley Grammar School, was opened in Northumbria, now in Yorkshire, in 700; it is particularly interesting because it was run for several decades under the auspices of the Danelaw, which was ruled by Vikings. The oldest school founded by Vikings, by the way, dates from 1056, and is in Iceland.

King Alfred the Great had a stated policy of educating all free men in English. He died in 899, and at the time was translating The Bible into English so the English people could read it in their own language.

Universities appeared, starting with the University of Bologna, in 1088. Some were run by the Church, but most were run either by the state or by the students and professors.

The extent of secular education can be seen in the amount of vernacular, literature that was produced. This literature would not have been written if the authors had no expectation that anyone would read it. Beowulf, the Niebelungenlied, the Lay of the Cid, the Song of Roland, Parzival, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, are all epics written before the advent of the printing press in the languages of common people, and this is merely a list of epics whose names people today recognize. Aside from epics, there were the Alexiad, the Book of Marjery Kempe, the Canterbury Tales, the Divine Comedy, the Lays of Marie of France, Le Morte d'Arthur, Piers Plowman, and Troilus and Criseyde. The large body of literature that was produced in the vernacular languages of the Middle Ages all testify to the extent vernacular education.

There are links below to various articles in Wikipedia.

Answer 3

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