The primary difference is the belief and respect for One God(Allah) vs. The trinity.
Please see the Related Question below on the differences between Christianity in general and Islam. Most of those differences also apply to Catholicism and Islam.
There is no difference. Islam is a religion.
Judaism
Judaism
They are one and the same.
Islam is the name of the religion & Muslim is the follower of Islam.
Islam is never against modernization.
Persia used to be a country Islam is a religion.
The main two branches of Islam are Sunnis and Shiites. Refer to related question below for the difference between the two.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the Abrahamic faiths.
Islam is the religion Muslim is the person who follows Islam's teaching
Muslim refers to a person who follows the religion of Islam, while Islam is the religion itself. Being Muslim means adhering to the beliefs and practices of Islam.
Both have similar stories and core beliefs in their sacred texts and in general, as between many religions.