In protection of trade secrets, the courts will evaluate evidence of crimes (physical trespass, unauthorized access, embezzlement, etc), torts (fraud, conversion, interference with contracts, copyright or patent infringement, etc) and breach of contract (agency, fiduciary obligations, non-disclosure agreement, non-compete, etc) to determine whether "intelligence gathering" crossed the line.
For example, inducing an employee of a competitor to disclose secrets may be a tort, even though the employee didn't realize they were in breach of the relationship.
On the other hand, trade secrets are only as valuable as the steps taken to protect them from unauthorized disclosure.
Espionage is the act of spying it is the same as intelligence gathering because you spy to gather intelligence.
Strategic Intelligence Is information that is used to make large-scale decisions. Counterintelligence is trying to prevent opponents from gathering intelligence, and generally takes the form of counterespionage (meaning trying to prevent spying).
Gathering intelligence, interpreting intelligence, and advising their principals.
Intelligence when referring to gathering intelligence on terrorist communities means information obtained to ward off a terroristic threat. Information can inlcude demographics on specific groups, individuals, and companies.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the intelligence agency of the USA.
The official definition of corporate intelligence is gathering and distribution of intelligence on products including intelligence which helps make decisions for your organization.
The CIA.
competitive intelligence is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in making strategic decisions for an organization.
Data gathering is a crucial form of Intelligence, without it agents would be powerless. The need for useful information often leads investigators to question suspects, informants and potentially knowledgeable citizens.
Mossad is responsible for Intelligence Gathering outside of the State of Israel. Aman is the Intelligence Branch of the Israel Defence Force, and Shin Bet is the Internal Security Service, like the FBI or Secret Service in the United States.
Gathering information needed to protect the country.
(in the US there is no such department. There is however, a Director of National Intelligence, who reports directly to the President and who (supposedly) coordinates the input from the various national civilian and military intelligence gathering organizations.