Reference is something you point at and you can see with your own eyes. For example, you are in a school canteen queuing for lunch. On reaching the servery you can either point at the meal you would like to get or say 'Can I have egg curry, please' or you can do both, say and point to the meal. This way you refer to a particular object.
In a sentence 'The wolf is a much undersood animal' you do not mean any particular animal, but rather the whole species, or group.
Similarly 'Sunday night is as quiet as the grave around these parts'. By Sunday night you do not mean any particulary night but rather ANY Sunday night in these parts. this is called denotation, and the subject is lablled as denotatum.
Typically if one sets a variable like int x = 100; it is value semantics, But if one creates an array, like int[] list = new list[10]; it is referring the location, so it is reference semantics.
The only way to swap two values using call by value semantics is to pass pointer variables by value. A pointer is a variable that stores an address. Passing a pointer by value copies the address, the value of the pointer, not the pointer itself. By passing the addresses of the two values to be swapped, you are effectively passing those values by reference. Both C and C++ use pass by value semantics by default, however C++ also has a reference data type to support native pass by reference semantics. By contrast, Java uses pass by reference semantics by default. In C, to swap two variables using pass by value: void swap (int* p, int* q) { int t = *p; *p = *q; *q = t; } In C++, to swap two variables using pass by reference: void swap (int& p, int& q) { std::swap (p, q); } Note that C++ is more efficient because std::swap uses move semantics; there is no temporary variable required to move variables. With copy semantics, a temporary is required. However, with primitive data types, there is a way to swap values without using a temporary, using a chain of exclusive-or assignments: void swap (int* p, int* q) { *p^=*q^=*p^=*q; }
All programming languages have semantics. The semantics of a language are the rules of a language; it defines the meaning of symbols and tokens in the language, and how they interact with each other. Spark is certainly no exception to the rule.
In any language, you swap variables x and y using the following algorithm (assuming x, y and temp are all of the same type): temp = x x = y y = temp However, this is highly inefficient for anything other than primitive data types. For complex objects, a swap is best performed using move semantics rather than copy semantics. A move merely transfers ownership of resources rather than copying them, leaving the original owner of the resources in an unspecified but otherwise valid state. temp = move (x) x = move (y) y = move (temp) Note that objects that do not support move semantics will simply default to copy semantics.
Strictly speaking there is no such term as call by value. Functions are called while parameters are passed. When someone uses the term call by value they really mean pass by value, so in that sense they are the same. However call by value is incorrect terminology.
Semantics is how we say something. Pragmatics is how we do something.
Semantics and pragmatics both study the meaning of language. Semantics focuses on literal meaning, while pragmatics examines how meaning is influenced by context, intention, and speaker beliefs. In essence, semantics is concerned with what words and sentences mean, whereas pragmatics deals with how meaning is used in communication.
Studying semantics and pragmatics helps us understand how meaning is conveyed in language. Semantics focuses on the literal meaning of words and sentences, while pragmatics deals with how language is used in different contexts to achieve different communicative goals. Understanding these aspects can enhance communication skills, aid in interpreting language correctly, and provide insights into how language shapes our perception of the world.
semantics = words; syntax = how they're used
The structure of language is composed of syntax, context, grammar, semantics, phonemes, morphemes, and pragmatics
Scott A. Schwenter has written: 'Pragmatics of conditional marking' -- subject(s): Comparative and general Grammar, Conditionals, Grammar, Comparative and general, Implication (Logic), Pragmatics, Semantics
Hans Bickes has written: 'Theorie der kognitiven Semantik und Pragmatik' -- subject(s): Language and languages, Philosophy, Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics, Semantics, Semantics (Philosophy)
M. V. Aldridge has written: 'The elements of mathematical semantics' -- subject(s): Categorial grammar, Language and logic, Mathematical linguistics, Mathematical models, Pragmatics, Semantics
Both semantics and pragmatics deal with the meaning of words and sentences but in a different way. Some categories in semantics require the application of pragmatics in order to arrive at a satisfactory interpretation.
Robert D. Van Valin has written: 'The syntax-semantics interface' -- subject(s): Comparative and general Grammar, Grammar, Comparative and general, Pragmatics, Semantics, Syntax
David I. Beaver has written: 'Sense and Sensitivity' -- subject(s): Focus (Linguistics), Pragmatics, Semantics, Discourse analysis
Eve Sweetser has written: 'From etymology to pragmatics' -- subject(s): Comparative and general Grammar, Modality (Linguistics), Semantics