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Oddly enough, they're just called "dots," and are part of what's commonly known as a "halftone screen." The number of dots per inch determines the resolution of the printed halftone photo (the more dots, the sharper the picture -- 150 dpi allows for much finer detail resolution than 72 dpi). The reason this effect was required is that offset printing is not capable of reproducing shades or gradations of tone -- there's either ink on the paper or not. Reducing a continuous tone photo to a series of dots allows it to be reproduced on a printing press. Without the dot structure, the press would simply print a blotch of ink.

Traditionally the halftone was achieved by laying a reusable, semi-transparent screen of the desired frequency (number of dots per inch) over high-contrast photographic paper on an enlarger (or by a similar process on a "line camera," but that's a whole 'nother topic). Bright areas of the picture were thus translated to small dots on the paper; darker areas comprised larger dots.

Nowadays, most pre-press operations use scanners, computer graphics programs and digital output systems to produce halftones.

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Q: What is the name of the dots used in photo journalism?
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